Overview Flashcards
(19 cards)
what is the general function of respiration
to obtain O2 for use by the body’s cells and to eliminate the CO2 that the body cells produce
what are the 2 process of respiration
internal respiration
external respiration
explain internal respiration
cellular respiration
refers to metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which use O2 and produce CO2, while deriving energy from nutrient molecules
what occurs in external respiration
- ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
- exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
- transport of O2 and CO2 by the lungs and the tissues
- exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells.
what are the secondary functions of the respiratory system
- short term regulation of pH (acid-base balance)
- enabling speech, singing, and other vocalisations
- help in defence against pathogens in the airways
- removes, modifies, activates (i.e angiotensin II), or inactivates (i.e. prostaglandins) various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation
- eliminates heat and water
- assist venous return
- nose serves as the organ of smell
what is the anatomy of the respiratory system
respiratory airways leading into the lungs
lungs
structures of the thoracic cavity
what are the airways into the lungs divided into
upper airways
respiratory airways
what are the upper airways
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
- pharynx
what are the respiratory airways
- larynx
- conducting zone
- respiratory zone
what are the structures of the conducting zone
- trachea
- 2.5 cm diameter, 10cm long
- C-shaped bands of cartilage for structural rigidity
- primary bronchi
- right and left
- rings of cartilage
- secondary bronchi
- right side - 3 (to 3 lobes of the right lung)
- left side - 2 (to 2 lobes of the left lung)
- tertiary bronchi
- 20-23 orders of branching
- up to 8 million tubules
- bronchioles
- less than 1mm diameter
- np cartilage → risk of collapse
- to prevent; walls of elastic fibres + smooth muscle
- terminal bronchioles
what are the functions of the conducting zone
- air passageway
- increase air temperature to body temperature
- humidify air
what is the epithelium of the conducting zone made up of and their functions
- goblet cells - secrete mucus and traps foreign particles
- ciliated cells - propel the mucus up the glottis to be swallowed or expelled
what are the structures of the respiratory zone
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
what are the components of the alveoli (function, number, blood, feature)
- site of gas exchange
- 300-500 million alveoli per lung to facilitate gas exchange
- rich blood supply - capillaries form a sheet over alveoli
- pores of Kohn permit airflow between adjacent alveoli (collateral ventilation)
what are the 3 types of alveolar cells and their functions
- type 1 alveolar cells
- make up wall of alveoli, single layer epithelial cells
- type 2 alveolar cells
- secrete surfactant
- reduces surface tension in alveolar walls
- helps prevent alveolar collapse
- alveolar macrophages
- removes foreign particles
what is the respiratory membrane composed of in the alveoli
- barrier for diffusion
- alveoli: type 1 cells + basement membrane
- capillaries: endothelial cells + basement membrane
- 0.2 microns thick
what are the functions of the respiratory zone
exchange of gases between air and blood by diffusion
what is the epithelium of the respiratory membrane made up of, of the respirator zone
- epithelial cells of alveoli
- endothelial cells of capillary
