Overview

Question 1

Depressive disorders

Answer 1

disturbances: psychological, physiologic and social functioning

Question 2

Depressive symptoms

Answer 2

disturbances in sleep, appetite, weight, libido

Question 3

Depression: Cognitive symptoms

Answer 3

attention/concentration, memory, thinking

Question 4

Depression: Impulse control problems

Answer 4

Suicide, homicide

Question 5

Depression: behavioral symptoms

Answer 5

withdrawal, lack of pleasure, fatigability

Question 6

Depressive disorders

Answer 6

pervasive, sad mood

Question 7

SAD MOOD

Answer 7

precipitated by external event or unrelated to anything tangible

Question 8

Symptoms continuum

Answer 8

Overall dissatisfaction to apathy, hopelessness, decreased will to live

Question 9

Depression

Answer 9

leading cause of disability in US for ages 15-44

Question 10

Dysthymia

Answer 10

chronic, mild depression

Question 11

Depression: Older adults

Answer 11

difficult to diagnose due to co-morbid physical diseases (depression often accompanies cardiac, diabetes, Parkinson’s, stroke )

Question 12

Depression: Older adults

Answer 12

sometimes assume normal aspect of aging - fail to report symptoms

Question 13

Depression: incidence & prevalence

Answer 13

more prevalent in women
women have 70% higher possibility of having major depression
genetics, hormones, sociocultural elements account for disparity

Question 14

Depression: Risks

Answer 14

Gender
prior depressive episodes
family history
stressful life event
current substance use
medical illness
few social supports

Question 15

Depression: Learned helplessness

Answer 15

individual’s belief, based on experience, that they are ineffective, have no influence on factors that cause their suffering

Question 16

Depression: Learned helplessness behaviors

Answer 16

passivity, negative expectations, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and powerlessness

Question 17

Depression: Etiology - genetic

Answer 17

increased risk for first degree relatives (parents, siblings, children)

Question 18

Depression: Etiology - Physiology: Biogenic amines

Answer 18

Deficiency in norepinephrine and serotonin deficiencies, and some indication for dopamine

Question 19

Depression: Etiology - Physiology: psychoneuroendocrine/immune relationships

Answer 19

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
Hypothalmus to CNS (pituitary) with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates adrenal medulla (adrenocorticotropic hormone) to secrete catecholamines and cortisol
Catecholamines and cortisol modulate endocrine and immune system

Question 20

Depression: Etiology - Cognition

Answer 20

manifestation of errors in thinking
unrealistic attitudes about self and world
having negative view about ability to achieve goals
inability to experience pleasure

Question 21

S/S Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Answer 21

depressed mood
loss of interest - inability to derive pleasure from previously enjoyed activities
recurrent thoughts of suicide
decreased or increased appetite
difficulty concentrating/making decisions
feelings of worthlessness/self-blame
decreased energy/motor disturbances
disturbed sleep patterns (insomnia or excess sleep)
substance abuse
social withdrawal/isolation

Question 22

S/S Major Depressive Disorder - Part 2

Answer 22

disregard grooming/cleanliness/personal appearance
stooped posture/dejected facial expression (non-verbals)
disheveled, downcast and tearful, avoid eye contact
OR - may be agitated
Bizarre or odd behaviors are not generally noted
Symptoms present most of day nearly every day
at least two weeks
cause significant distress or impaired functioning
generally lasts several weeks to months followed by normal mood.

Question 23

S/S Dysthymia

Answer 23

chronic depression 
poor appetite or overeating
insomnia or excessive sleep
low energy or anergia
fatigue
low self-esteem
poor concentration
difficulty making decisions
feelings of hopelessness

Question 24

S/S Dysthymia - Part 2

Answer 24

depressed or irritable mood most of the day
more days than not for at least two years
no more than two months without symptoms

Question 25

S/S Post partum depression (PPD)

Answer 25

following childbirth between 2nd and 3rd month up to first year mild symptoms may appear during pregnancy

Question 26

Risk Factors - PPD

Answer 26

``` previous episode of PPD depression during pregnancy history of depression or bipolar disorder increase in stressful events inadequate support systems conflict between partners ```

Question 27

Postpartum psychosis

Answer 27

severe psychiatric emergency potential to harm infants occurs within 48-72 hours up to 2 weeks after giving birth similar to rapid cycling manic or mixed bipolar episodes dramatic mood swings, disorientation disorganized or impulsive, erratic behaviors destructive delusions concerning infant command hallucinations to harm self or baby