Overview

Question 1

What is dysarthria?

Answer 1

A group of neurogenic speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in various parameters of the speech mechanism.

Question 2

What is apraxia of speech?

Answer 2

A neurologic speech disorder that reflects an impaired capacity to plan or program sensorimotor commands for speech.

Question 3

Motor speech disorders are NOT

Answer 3

cognitive linguistic impairments
sensory deficits
musculoskeletal defects
voice disorders
normal changes in speech

Question 4

What is the site of lesion for flaccid dysarthria?

Answer 4

brainstem motor neurons or nerves to muscles

Question 5

What is the site of lesion for ataxic dysarthria?

Answer 5

Cerebellum, or tracts leading to and from cerebellum

Question 6

What is the site of lesion for hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 6

Basal ganglia (specifically substantia nigra)

Question 7

What is the site of lesion for hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 7

basal ganglia

Question 8

What is the site of lesion for spastic dysarthria?

Answer 8

fiber tracts connecting cortex with brainstem motor neurons

Question 9

What are the cortical production components of speech, from first to last?

Answer 9

Plan, program, control/monitor, execute

Question 10

Corticospinal tracts are responsible for what?

Answer 10

connecting cortex to spinal nerves

Question 11

Corticobulbar tracts are responsible for what?

Answer 11

connecting cortex to cranial nerves

Question 12

Corticoreticular tracts do what?

Answer 12

indirect pathways, responsible for reflexes, posture, and tone. subconscious

Question 13

What are the effects of damage to the FCP?

Answer 13

weakness, paralysis (if all LMN damaged), fasciculations, fibrillation

Question 14

What is a neuromuscular juncture?

Answer 14

synapse in the PNS; axon terminals, motor endplates, shwann cell sheathes

Question 15

What is a motor end plate?

Answer 15

specialized post synaptic area in neuromuscular junction of PNS

Question 16

What is the function of groups of fibers in the CNS?

Answer 16

tracts; designed to synapse with other neurons

Question 17

What is the function of groups of fibers in the PNS?

Answer 17

nerves; transmitting primarily to muscle or from sensory end organs

Question 18

What is a disease of the cell body associated with dysarthria?

Answer 18

ALS (CNS and/or PNS)

Question 19

What are two diseases of the axons associated with dysarthria?

Answer 19

MS (CNS)
Guillain Barre (PNS)

Question 20

What is a disease of the synapse between nerve and muscle (PNS) (Neuromuscular junction) associated with dysarthria?

Answer 20

Myasthenia gravis

Question 21

Which cortical motor areas are associated with dysarthria?

Answer 21

primary motor cortex
premotor area
supplementary motor area

Question 22

Which cortical motor areas are associated with stuttering?

Answer 22

right frontal operculum (broca’s)

right insula

Question 23

Which cortical motor areas are associated with apraxia of speech?

Answer 23

Broca’s area

left insula

Question 24

What are are the cortical sensory areas we need to know/

Answer 24

primary sensory cortex (temperature, pain, pressure)
primary visual cortex
primary auditory cortex

Question 25

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 25

muscle tone movement sequencing and scaling (timing and force) motor learning or repeated adjustments in force and movement sequencing role in attention and language

Question 26

What are the effects of cerebellar damage (associated with dysarthria)?

Answer 26

``` hypotonia intention tremor dysmetria decomposition of movement ataxia ```

Question 27

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 27

integrator of motor information for complex movements postural support needed for skilled, voluntary movements regulates amplitude, velocity, initiation of movements

Question 28

What are the effects of damage of the BG?

Answer 28

``` Hypokinesia (PD) muscle rigidity resting tremor slowness of movement (bradykinesia) reduced movement amplitude (hypokinesia) ?? ```

Question 29

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 29

relay all sensory info but smell | relay motor signals from BG and cerebellum

Question 30

What is voluntary motor control?

Answer 30

Ability to perform an action on command | depends on control signals originating in motor cortical areas that are sent to PNS

Question 31

What is the pyramidal system?

Answer 31

direct pathways -- skilled movement, input to alpha motor neurons

Question 32

What is the extrapyramidal system?

Answer 32

indirect pathways -- support skilled movement, input to gamma motor neurons

Question 33

What are the symptoms of UMN damage?

Answer 33

spasticity weakness or paresis (limited atrophy) hyper-reflexia

Question 34

What are the symptoms of LMN damage?

Answer 34

``` hypotonicity atrophy hyporeflexia weakness muscle fasciculations in acute state ```

Question 35

What is unusual about CN VII in terms of innervation?

Answer 35

upper face receives bilateral UMN/corticobulbar tract input | lower face muscles receive contralateral UMN input

Question 36

What is unusual about the innervation of CN XII?

Answer 36

receives primarily contralateral corticobulbar input

Question 37

What are the parts of the pyramidal system?

Answer 37

corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine tracts

Question 38

What are the parts of the extrapyramidal system?

Answer 38

rubrospinal, reticulospinal, olivospinal, vestibulo spinal tracts

Question 39

What is an AMR? SMR?

Answer 39

both part of DDK AMR: repetition of single syllable SMR: repetition of syllable sequence

Question 40

is AMR or SMR better in people with AOS?

Answer 40

AMR

Question 41

Can we use DDK rate to make inferences about speed or regularity of tongue movement for connected speech?

Answer 41

NO

Question 42

What are impairments of respiratory-laryngeal integrity that could be present in dysarthria?

Answer 42

decreased respiratory support decreased respiratory-phonatory coordination/control reduced phonatory function (hypoadduction, hyperadduction)

Question 43

What are some indications of impairments of respiratory-laryngeal integrity?

Answer 43

``` tired/fatigued when talking and at rest run out of breath when talking have to push words out (effortful talking) poor loudness control weak cough ```

Question 44

What are some ways of evaluating respiratory-laryngeal functions?

Answer 44

straw thing cough grunt/glottal coup