Overview of antibiotics Flashcards
(20 cards)
Definition of ______:
Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes
Definition of pharmacology
Definition of_____=
Study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs
Definition of pharmacotherapeutics
Types of antimicrobials (antibiotics)
- Antibacterial
- Antifungal
- Antimycobacterial
- Antiviral
- Antiprotozoal: malaria, amebiasis
- Antihelminthic: roundworms, flukes, tapeworms
Four mechanism of actions of antibacterials
- Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
- Inhibitors of translation and transcription (block replication)
- Inhibition of DNA syntheses and integrity
- Inhibitors of folate synthesis and function
Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis and Functions- picture of folate synthesis pathway
Can combine two that act on different parts of the pathway
What are the three major groups of antibacterials?
- Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
- Inhibitors of translation and transcription
- Inhibition of DNA syntheses and integrity/inhibitors of folate synthesis and function
What antibacterials inhibit cell wall synthesis?
- Beta-Lactams penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Glycopeptides: Vancomycin
- TB medications
What antibacterials are inhibitors of translation and transcription?
- Tetracyclines
- Oxazolidinones: Linezolid
- Macrolides
- Clindamycin
- Aminoglycosides and Spectinomycin
- TB medications
“TOMCAT”
Which antibacterials are inhibitors of DNA syntheses and integrity/inhibitors of folate synthesis and function?
- Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
- Quinolones
Bactericidal
-Kill bacteria
•Mechanism is generally inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal- Time dependent killing
- Serum level above MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)
- Beta Lactams and vancomycin
Bactericidal- Concentration dependent killing
- Higher drug concentration determines rate and extent of killing
- Aminoglycosides and quinolones
Mechanism of action of bacteriostatic antibiotics
Mechanism is generally inhibition of protein synthesis
Examples of bacteriostatic antibacterials
- Macrolides
- Sulfonamides
- Tetracyclines
“MS. T”
bacterioSTatic= mS. T
Bactericidal agents
- Aminoglycosides
- Bacitracin
- B-lactam antibiotics
- Daptomycin
- Fosfomycin
- Glycopeptide antibiotics
- Isoniazid
- Ketolides
- Metronidazole
- Polymyxins
- Pyrazinamide
- Quinolones
- Rifampin
- Streptogramins
Bacteriostatic agents
- Chloramphenicol
- Clindamycin
- Ethambutol
- Macrolides
- Nitrofurantoin
- Novobiocin
- Oxazolidinones
- Sulfonamides
- Tetracyclines
- Tigecycline
- Trimethoprim
Postantibiotic effect
•Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited exposure to an antimicrobial agent.
Proposed mechanism of postantibiotic effect
- Slow recovery after reversible non lethal damage to cell structures
- Persistence of the drug at the binding site
- Need to synthesize new enzymes before microorganism growth can resume
What should be considered BEFORE you prescribe?
- ✓ Allergy or history of adverse drug reactions
- ✓ Age of patient- neonates, etc
- ✓ Pregnancy
- ✓ Metabolic or genetic variation
- ✓ Renal and hepatic function: Patients with diminished renal and/or hepatic function will accumulate certain drugs unless the dosage is adjusted
- ✓ Concomitant drug therapy: Any concomitant therapy the patient is receiving may influence the selection of drug therapy, the dose, and monitoring
- ✓ Concomitant disease states
What is an antibiogram?
- A report of susceptibility/resistance of pathogens to antibiotics
- Provide information about local resistance patterns
- Includes the percentage of bacterial isolates susceptible or resistant to each antimicrobial agent tested
- Can be used to determine empiric treatment options
