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Unit 2 > Overview of Cancer and Genetics > Flashcards

Overview of Cancer and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Malignant?

A

spread into or invade nearby tissue

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2
Q

Tissue changes that are not cancer (3)

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Carcinoma in situ
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3
Q

Features of Hyperplasia (2)

A
  • cells divide faster than normal
  • cells and tissue organisation look normal
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4
Q

Features of Dysplasia (2)

A
  • cells look abnormal
  • changes in tissue organistion
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5
Q

Why is Carcinoma in situ not cancer? (2)

A
  • cells do not spread beyond original tissue
  • cells do not invade nearby tissue
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6
Q

What do recessive mutations do? (2)

A
  • inactivate the affected gene
  • lead to a loss of function
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7
Q

Dominant mutations lead to…

A

gain of function

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8
Q

Somatic mutations

A

genetic changes that occur after conception

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9
Q

What causes somatic mutations?

A

damage to DNA from environmental exposures

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10
Q

Germline mutations

A

mutations in DNA inherited from parents

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11
Q

Germline mutations found in…

A

every cell of offspring

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12
Q

Drivers of cancer (3)

A
  • Proto-oncogenes
  • Tumour Suppressor Genes
  • DNA repair genes
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13
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated version of proto-oncogenes

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14
Q

What type of mutation occurs on proto-oncogenes?

A

Typically dominant

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15
Q

Function of proto-oncogene (3)

A
  • stimulate cell division
  • inhibit cell differentiation
  • halt cell death
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16
Q

Function of oncogene (3)

A
  • increase cell division
  • decrease cell differentiation
  • inhibit cell death
17
Q

Gain of function mutations converting proto-oncogenes into oncogenes (3)

A
  • point mutations
  • gene amplification
  • chromosome rearrangement
18
Q

Result of point mutation on proto-oncogene (2)

A
  • hyperactive protein
  • normal amounts produced
19
Q

Result of gene amplification on proto-oncogene (2)

A
  • normal protein
  • greatly overproduced
20
Q

Function of tumour suppressor gene

A

encode proteins that, when activated, inhibit cell proliferation

21
Q

What type of mutation occurs on tumour suppressor genes?

A

Recessive

22
Q

How does Hereditary Cancer occur? (3)

A
  • all cells lack 1 of the 2 normal copies of tumour suppressor gene
  • due to germline mutation
  • tumours then occur where the remaining copy is lost or inactivated by a somatic mutation
23
Q

How does Non-Hereditary Cancer occur? (2)

A
  • all cells have 2 functional copies of the tumour suppressor gene
  • so 2 somatic mutations need to occur to lose or inactivate TS genes for tumour to occur

Unit 2 (7 decks)

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