Overview Of Immune System

Question 1

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease that is characterized by:[1][2]

Answer 1

Synovial inflammation
Joint damage
Disability
Symptoms beyond the synovial joint (extra-articular manifestations)

Question 2

Key modulators of cell migration and inflammation in RA are:

Answer 2

Key modulators of cell migration and inflammation in RA are:
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Question 3

GranulocytesMacrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)
RANKL expression regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including:
TNF-a
IL-1, IL-6, and interleukin-17 (IL-17)
MCSF, IL-6, and interleukin-11 (IL-11) foster formation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells through a RANKL-independent mechanismMacrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)
RANKL expression regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including:
TNF-a
IL-1, IL-6, and interleukin-17 (IL-17)
MCSF, IL-6, and interleukin-11 (IL-11) foster formation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells through a RANKL-independent mechanism

Answer 3

Are produced in the bone marrow and are real eased into the blood when mature.

Question 4

Granulocytes include:

Answer 4

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Kbasophils
4. Mast cells

Question 5

What is the most abundant leukocyte and make up 60% to 70% of all of the circulating leukocytes?

Answer 5

Granulocytes

Question 6

What is the most numerous white blood cells that ingest bacteria and other cells?

Answer 6

Neutrophils

Question 7

Which inflammatory cells involved in allergy and parasitic infections-specifically parasitic worms?

Answer 7

Eosinophils

Question 8

These cells are the least numerous of the white blood cells which circulate in the bloodstream. They synthesize and store histamine

Answer 8

Basophils

Question 9

These white blood cells are very similar to basophils except that they do not circulate in the blood but are found in lymph nodes or in tissues. They plan an important role in the symptoms of allergic reactions

Answer 9

Mast Cells

Question 10

What are Monocytes, dendritic cells and lymphocytes?

Answer 10

Mononuclear Cells

Question 11

What are phagocytes that circulate in the blood and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells?

Answer 11

Monocytes

Question 12

What rids the body of bacteria, other infectious particles, worn out cells and other debri by the process of Phagocytosis?

Answer 12

Macrophages

Question 13

What are phagocytosis cells that work to rid the body of pathogens and are present in epithelial tissue as well as other tissues in the body?

Answer 13

Dendritic Cells

Question 14

Which cell function as the “sentinels” to detect invading microbes and is the body’s most versatile sensors of pathogens and damaged cells?

Answer 14

Dendritic Cells

Question 15

Which are the main types of Lymphocytes?

Answer 15

T and B Cells

Question 16

Which lymphocytes that originate and mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies against specific targets to which they have been exposed?

Answer 16

B Cells

Question 17

Which lymphocytes during an immune response mature into either effector cells that directly attack the antigen or provide help to other cells?

Answer 17

T Cells–T lymphocytes

Question 18

What is a third class of lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow and are released into the blood..and are best known for

1. their ability to recognize and kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
2. Produce large amounts of some cytokines such as interferon gamma

Answer 18

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

Question 19

The primary organs of the lymphatic system are:

Answer 19

• Bone Marrow

- Thymus

Question 20

What are the bodies 2 main types of defenses to the many microbes it encounters each day such as viruses, bacteria and fungi?

Answer 20

1. Innate immunity

2. Adaptive immunity

Question 21

What is something a person is born with and requires no previous exposure to foreign invaders to work?

Answer 21

Innate Immunity

Question 22

What requires a previous exposure to a specific pathogen to begin working so that it can produce an increased response to a repeat exposure of that specific pathogen?

Answer 22

Adaptive Immunity

Question 23

Innate Immunity responses include:

Answer 23

1. Physical and chemical barriers
2. Cellular defenses
3. Protective proteins
4. Inflammatory response

Question 24

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 24

1. Phagocytes (including neutrophils and macrophages)
2. Dendritic Cells
3. NK Cells

Question 25

Which white blood cells protect the body by ingesting and destroying microbes and cell debris?

Answer 25

Phagocytes

Question 26

Which are the most common type of circulating white blood cell that play a very important role in the earliest stages of the inflammatory response? If it is destroyed during the inflammatory process, it will release toxic enzymes and other substances in an attempt to destroy the foreign invaders

Answer 26

Neutrophils

Question 27

What are the mature monocytes that are found throughout the organs and connective tissue which are able to: 1. Identify and ingest microbes and damaged tissue cells 2. Secrete certain cytokines that summon monocytes and other leukocytes to the infection site to enhance the immune response

Answer 27

Macrophages

Question 28

Which cells are able to distinguish infected cells from healthy cells?

Answer 28

NK Cells

Question 29

These proteins are released by cells in response to infection by a virus and activate immune cells to promote the immune response.

Answer 29

Interferon Proteins

Question 30

What are the stages of the inflammatory Response?

Answer 30

1. Histamine Release 2. Phagocytosis and cytokines release---Neutrophils are first to arrive 3. Entry by Neutrophils and monocytes: 4. Blood Clotting: to repair damaged area and prevent blood loss

Question 31

Adaptive immunity is also called_________immunity because the body develops this protection over time after exposure to particular microbes.

Answer 31

Acquired

Question 32

In humoral immunity,___________secretes antibodies, which recognize and bind to extra cellular microbes and help the body eliminate them.

Answer 32

B Cells

Question 33

What plays an important role in the immune system by relaying chemical signals related to cell growth, cell differentiation, and immune responses?

Answer 33

Cytokines

Question 34

Which cells produce Cytokines?

Answer 34

1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Macrophages 4. Dendritic Cells

Question 35

The primary functions of Cytokines are:

Answer 35

1. Triggering inflammation 2. Preventing viruses from reproducing 3. Enhancing T cell, B cell and macrophage function 4. Regulating the extent of the innate immune response.

Question 36

Which cytokines work to promote inflammation?

Answer 36

``` IL-1 IL-6 IL-12 IL-17 IL-23 TNFs ```

Question 37

Interleukins, interferons, TNFs and colony stimulating factors are groups of_____?

Answer 37

Cytokines

Question 38

Cytokines play an important role in the immune system by relaying______ related to cell growth, cell differentiation, and immune responses.

Answer 38

Chemical signals