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Patho Exam III > Overview of Infectious Process > Flashcards

Overview of Infectious Process Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of antibiotic resistance

A

-over prescribing -patients not taking as prescribed -poor infection control in hospitals and clinics -lack of rapid laboratory tests -unnecessary antibiotics used in agriculture

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2
Q

Common food and water borne illnesses

A

Cholera, salmonella, e. coli

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3
Q

What could put people at increased risk for malaria?

A

Increasing temperatures/global warming d/t increase in mosquitos

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4
Q

How many children die every DAY from measles, and when can you get vaccine?

A

300, and you can’t get a vaccine until around 1 yr, so this puts younger children at risk

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5
Q

Whether or not the interaction b/w a microbe and a host leads to disease

A

Pathogenicity

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6
Q

Microbe/host interaction: Symbiotic/mutualistic?

A

Benefit each other (microbiome)

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7
Q

Commensal microorganism:

A

live in the host without causing harm to the host (part of the microbiome of skin and mucous membranes)

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8
Q

Opportunistic microorganism:

A

commensal microorganisms that become pathogenic because of a change in the immune system of the host

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9
Q

Gut microbiome helps with…

A

produce enzymes that -facilitate digestion and use of complex molecules -produce antibacterial factors that prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms -produce vitamin K and B vitamins

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10
Q

The microbiome is both

A

commensal and symbiotic

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11
Q

The chain of infection includes: 3 main things

A

RMH - reservoir, mode of transmission, host (Road Map Highway) Reservoir where it can grow, mode of transmission so it can exit host and somehow get to another one, and host

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12
Q

Chain of infection

A

-pathogen capable of causing disease -reservoir for it to grow -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry -susceptible host

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13
Q

Chronic carriers

A

still capable of spreading the agent for months after recovery -hep B or Salmonella typhi -Typhoid Mary

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14
Q

Environmental reservoirs

A

-soil: Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani (tetanus) -air: Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease) -water: Vibrio cholerae (cholera)

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15
Q

Remember portal of exit can be

A

skin too

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16
Q

Modes of Transmission: Direct

A

skin to skin, kissing, sexual contact (gonorrhea, mono, herpes) or direct contact with contaminated environmental reservoir (soil or water, etc.) - Clostridium tetani, hookworm or droplet - direct spray of large droplets onto conjunctiva or mucous membranes of a susceptible host when an infected patient sneezes, talks, or coughs (pertussis and meningitis)

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17
Q

Modes of Transmission: Indirect

A

Airborne: carried on air current (measles, TB) Vehicle borne: food, water, blood, fomites Vector borne: Mosquitos, ticks

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18
Q

Carries microbes from one host to another can be ______ or ______

A

vector mechanical or biological biological: organism matures within the insect -mosquito: malaria, Zika, yellow fever, Dengue fever -Ticks: Lyme, Rocky Mountain spotted fever mechanical: insect simply carries organism -flies: carry Shigella on appendages -fleas: Yersinia pestis (Plague)

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19
Q

Portal of Entry Highlighted

A

-Often the same as the portal of exit: ex. influenza exits one host and enters another host via respiratory

-fecal-oral: exit via feces and enter via oral, carried on a fomite or in water

-skin: hookworm

-mucous membranes: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia

-blood: HIV, hep B and C

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20
Q

Capability of Pathogen to Cause Disease - List of terms

A
  • communicability
  • infectivity
  • pathogenicity
  • virulence
  • immunogenicity
  • entry portal
  • mechanism of action
  • toxigenicity
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21
Q

Ability of pathogen to spread from person to person

What is considered NOT contagious?

A

Communicability

-High communicable/contagious: Hepatitis, STIs, Flu, Measles, Pertussis

Malaria is not considered contagious because it does not spread from human to human

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22
Q

Ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

A

Infectivity

Also it’s possible to be infected but not be sick (COVID)

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23
Q

Ability of the agent to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

Some strains of e.coli are more pathogenic than other strains; however, measles, rubella, strep pyogenes, are always pathogenic

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24
Q

Relative capacity to cause disease or the degree of pathology caused by the invading pathogen

A

Virulence

A pathogen, such as influenza, might be highly virulent, causing fatal disease, or it might only cause mild illness depending on the strain

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25
Ability of an organism to produce an immune response
Immunogenicity
26
How the pathogen causes damage to the host
mechanism of action (direct or through toxins, etc.)
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Ability to produce toxins
Toxigenicity
28
What is the hallmark of an infection?
FEVER ## Footnote - elevation of thermal set point (hypothalamus) caused by either: - exogenous pyrogens (stimulate endogenous pyrogens) - endogenous pyrogens (pyrogenic cytokines) \*pyrogens can be produced by bacteria
29
Endemic, epidemic, pandemic
- baseline level of disease in a population - outbreak of new infections, exceeeds the endemic level - worldwide epidemic
30
The classes of mircroorganisms
BPPVF bacteria, protozoa, parasite, virus, fungi
31
Bacteria single or multicellular? membrane bound organelles? Contains DNA or RNA? Contains \_\_\_\_\_\_ Cell _____ and cell \_\_\_\_\_\_ No what? Some have a third ____ called a \_\_\_\_\_
Single cell, no nuclei or membrane bound organelles, contains DNA, cell wall and cell membrane, contains ribosomes, no mitochrondria Some have a 3rd membrane called a capsule "encapsulated"
32
Most bacteria can be classified into one of four groups by:
- morphology/shape (cocci or rod) - gram staining (negative or postiive)
33
Types of bacteria
- true bacteria: cocci, bacilli (rod), vibrios, spirilla - filamentous: TB - Spirochetes: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme) - Mycoplasma: Mycoplasma pneumoniae - Rickettsia: Ricketsia rickettsi (Rocky mountain spotted fever) - Chlamydia: Chlamydia trachomatis
34
Once the bacteria is isolated (cultured) it can be identified according to its...
- patterns of growth: anaerobic, aerobic - patterns of hemolysis (strep species) - morphology (shape) - type of medium that it grows in - staining - cell wall type
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- Thinner cell wall that does not take up the stain - Appear pink under microscope - N. meningitidis, H.influenza, E. coli
Gram Negative Bacteria MEH ABX no work
36
- Thicker cell wall that takes up stain - Appears purple under microscope - Streptococcus and Staphlococcus
37
-\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the ability of bacteria to adhere to cells how do they do this?
- colonization - using pili (E.coli), and using adhesion molecules that bind host (MAMs - multivalent adhesion molecules)
38
Biofilms often contain \_\_\_\_\_\_
multiple organisms - MDROs often biofilms - Biofilms ofteen found implanted and indwelling medical devices: catheters, heart valves, joints, pacemakers - Also found in dental plaque
39
Phopholipidase Protease
Enzyme production by bacteria - phospholipidase breaks down surface of phagosome before it binds to the lysosome so that the bacteria are released into the cytoplasm - protease: allow bacteria to penetrate through layers of tissue - DNAase
40
Virulence factors of bacteria
- capsules: evade phagocytosis - proteases: attack immunoglobulins - surface proteins: block binding of complement - resist lysis - coagulases: coats bacteria in fibrin, protecting it from phagocytosis - kinases: digest clot, allowing bacteria to invade (streptokinases) - antigenic variation: bacteria alter their surface proteins so that they are not recognized as pathogens
41
Toxins produced by bacteria can be
endotoxins or exotoxins
42
Endotoxins - produced by? - made up of - high levels can cause?
- a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates - produced by gram negative bacteria - lipopolysaccharide - triggers immune response - high levels of toxin can lead to drop in BP, and death
43
Exotoxins - produced by what type of bacteria? - stable when? - how much can be fatal?
- a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings - produced by many types - stable when at high temperatures, so fever won't work - very small amounts can be fatal, think botulinum toxin
44
So endotoxins take ______ levels to be fatal, while exotoxins take ______ levels to be fatal
endotoxins high levels exotoxins very small amounts can be fatal
45
Three categories of exotoxins
- intracellular targeting - membrane disrupting - superantigens
46
Examples of intracellular targeting by exotoxins
tetanus and botulinum
47
what does intracellular exotoxin botulinum do?
- inhibits acetylcholine from neurons leading to paralysis - this causes flaccid paralysis: stops muscle contraction
48
what does intracellular exotoxin tetanus do?
- inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing muscle tetany - tetanus prevents release of glycine and GABA, which normally helps in relaxing muscles, so this causes muscle tetany = spastic paralysis
49
What do exotoxin superantigens do?
They cause excessive activation of T cells leading to excessive release of cytokines - example Toxic shock syndrome: Staph aureus - Scarlet fever: Streptococcus pyogenes
50
What does Staph aureus produce that makes it abx resistant?
-beta lactamase that destroys PCN
51
Fungi Prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Have ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ What kind of cell wall? Can form what?
Eukaryotic unlike bacteria that is prokaryotic Have a nuclei and mitrochondria Thick, rigid cell wall Can form complex structures - single celled yeast to **multi-celled molds** (so single celled or multicellular)
52
Opportunistic fungal infection that is normally commensal unless someone is immunocompromised
Oral Candidiasis Can become systemic and cause severe infections in immunocompromised
53
- Colonization of skin and mucous membranes occurs (biome) - infections are opportunistic - inhalation can lead to pneumonia (also opportunistic) - Pneumocystis jiroveci - Systemic infections
Transmission and colonizatino of fungi - remember microbiome inclues fungi normally - Systemic infections: remember that inhalation of spores can lead to disseminated infection, also Candida can form biofilms
54
Virulence factors of fungi
- evasion of immunity by encapsulation to avoid detection by PRRs - change morphology in response to temperature changes and other signals (mold to yeast, yeast to hyphae) - damage to host by production of proteases and lipases
55
Live on/in an organism and benefit from the organism while making the organism sick
Parasites
56
Three main types of parasites
- protozoa (malaria) - helminths (worms) - ectoparasites (lice, ticks, fleas) (HEP)
57
microscopic, one celled organisms eukaryotic **able to live outside or inside the human** **body in cyst form**
protozoa - cyst formation allows them to be protected from environmental conditions
58
How are protozoa transmitted?
- fecal oral - vector (mosquito) but could be others
59
What is Plasmodium falciparum?
Malaria - a protozoa transmitted by vector (mosquito)
60
What is Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lambia
both protozoa that cause GI distress/diarrhea remember flagella of Giardia is irritating to gut
61
Large, multicellular organisms Can live inside or outside of the body
Helminths (roundworms, flatworms)
62
How are helminths transmitted?
fecal-oral; hookworm can be transmitted environmental reservoir: walking in contaminated water or soil
63
Ticks, fleas, lice (on top of skin), mites (borrow into skin) - all of these cause pruritis also can be vectors for bacterial, viral, or protozoan infections
parasite that lives on the outside of host ectoparasites
64
What is Pediculus humanas capitus? How is it spread?
Head louse spread by direct contact or fomites (clothes, combs, towels) - body louse is similar, but can be vector for other diseases - head lice are not known to spread disease
65
What is Pthirus pubis?
Pubic louse spread via sexual contact or fomites (bath towels, sheets)
66
What is Sarcoptes scabiei? How is it spread? Where does rash occur? How does it multiply?
Mites that cause scabies Rash usually occurs in certain areas - b/w digits, wrists, elbows, back, butt, behind knees, and ankles - sometimes can be over entire body if pt is immunocompromised or in children - deposits eggs under skin, adn then they burrow and cycle continues
67
Visuses have a ________ morphology A virion is ______ a \_\_\_\_\_\_ All it is...
SIMPLE NOT A CELL (no cell wall or membrane) Is a nucleic acid protected by a protein shell (capsid)
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Viral Classification A virus is either made up of ______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ or ______ strand Whether it uses enzyme _________ for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ What is its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
RNA or DNA Single strand or double strand Reverse transcriptase (RT) for replication What is its "sense" \*cell is not necessarily killed in viral making process - can be released without being killed (Influenza)
69
Defense system against viruses What part of innate immune system? What part of adaptive immune system?
Innate: Interferon and TNF-alpha prevent viral replication Adaptive: CD-8 cells destroy virus invaded cells, B cell antibodies prevent virus from entering cell \*remember viruses are capable of suppressing and evading the immune system
70
Mechanism of Damage by Viruses
- cell lysis and necrosis = inflammation - apoptosis = not inflammatory - fusion of adjacent cells (multinucleated giant cells) - cell proliferation (HPV) - Transformation into cancer cells - alteration of antigenic properties: immune system attacks normal cells
71
Immunotherapy - active What is the most effective?
**-Contracting and surviving a disease is most effective** -**Active immunization:** activate immunologic protection before encountering pathogen, does not last as long as infection-produced immunity so you NEED BOOSTERS
72
Immunotherapy against Bacterial Infections -what two types of bacteria tend to encapsulate?
- toxoid - vaccine that prevents the inflammatory reactions that occur from a bacterial toxin - use of heat or chemicals to inactivate the toxin (tetanus and diptheria) - subunit: piece of pathogen - isolate the antigen - conjugated - strong + weak antigen - piece of bacteria linked to carrier protein (Hib) - extracted capsular polysaccharides - antigens from capsule of encapsulated bacteria (Pneumococcal, miningococcal)
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Immunotherapy:VIRAL these are the attenuated, inactivated ones
...
75
What is an attenuated vaccine? Examples? Risks? Use to create and that's why we ask... When can you give these vaccines to babies?
Weakened live virus - MMR, Varicella, Oral polio, rotavirus, shingles, yellow fever, influenza nasal spray - **Attenuated virus can cause life threatening infection in people with immune deficiency!** **Use chick embryos so ask about egg allergy** Since babies have underdeveloped immune systems you can't give them these vaccines until 12-15 months
76
Inactivated viral vaccine - how is it done? - how long does protection last?
Killed virus - use heat or chemcials to destroy its ability to replicate but keeps antigens intact so that immune system can recognize it and form antibodiese against the antigen - shorter length of protection than live - examples are Hep A, Polio, Influenza
77
Herd immunity goal is ______ of population vaccinated
85%
78
Passive Immunotherapy
Human immunoglobin: pre-formed antibodies; given after an exposure (Hepatitis and Rabies) or given prior to exposure (Hep A) if traveling

Patho Exam III (5 decks)

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