Overview Of Inflmmation

Question 1

Definition of inflammation

Answer 1

Inflammation is the response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents

Question 2

Causes of inflammation

Answer 2

1. Infection: Different types of microorganisms (virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite) elicit different inflammatory responses.
2. Tissue necrosis: Ischemia, trauma, and toxins all elicit inflammation.
3. Foreign bodies: These include splinters, dirt, suture, prosthetic devices, urate crystals
   (gout) , and cholesterol esters.
4. Immune reactions (hypersensitivity responses) can be directed against self
   (autoimmunity) or exogenous agents (allergy).

Question 3

Role of inflammation

Answer 3

1. Contain and isolate injury
2. Destroy invading microorganisms
3. Inactivate toxins
4. Prepare the tissue for healing and repair.

Question 4

Characteristics of inflammation

Answer 4

Two main components, vascular wall response and inflammatory cell response.
● Effects that are mediated by circulating plasma proteins and by chemical mediators produced locally by vessel wall or inflammatory cells.
● Presents by local and systemic responses.
● Termination when the offending agent is eliminated: the secreted mediators are removed
● active anti-inflammatory mechanisms are also involved.
• Tight association with healing.
• Fundamental protective response.

Question 5

How can inflammation be pathologic

Answer 5

It is misdirected (e.g., against self-tissues in autoimmune diseases)
2. It occurs against normally harmless environmental substances that evoke an
immune response (e.g., in allergies)
3. It is excessively prolonged (e.g., in infections by microbes that resist eradication). 4. It is too little. This typically manifests by increased susceptibility to infections. It
is most often caused by either defective function or reduced number of leukocytes resulting from replacement of the bone marrow by cancers and suppression of the marrow by therapies for cancer and graft rejection.

Question 6

Five signs of inflammation

Answer 6

Warmth due to vascular dilation
2. Erythema(redness)due to vascular dilation and congestion
3. Edema due to increased vascular permeability
4. Pain due to mediator release
5. Loss of function due to pain, edema, tissue injury, and/or
scar

Question 7

Types of inflammation

Answer 7

Acute or chronic

Question 8

Characteristics of acute inflammation

Answer 8

Initial rapid response to infections and tissue damage
Short duration within minutes or hours
Lasts several hours or a few days
Edema
Neutrophils

Question 9

Steps of inflammation

Answer 9

• Recognition of the offending agent by host cells and molecules.
• Recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins from the circulation to the site where the offending agent is located.
• Removal of the agent by activated leukocytes and proteins.
• Regulation and termination of the response.

Question 10

3 components of acute inflammation

Answer 10

1. Vascular dilation leading to increased blood flow
2. Structural changes in the microvasculature permitting plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation
3. Leukocyte emigration from blood vessels and accumulation and activation at the site of injury

Question 11

Reaction of blood vessels in acute inflammation

Answer 11

The vascular reactions of acute inflammation consist of:
● Changes in the flow of blood; arteriolar vasodilatation.
● Changes in the permeability of vessels; increased vascular permeability.

Question 12

Define the process of edema

Answer 12

movement of fluid, plasma proteins and leukocytes out of the circulation into the site of infection or injury into interstitial tissues or body cavities

Question 13

Define exudate edema

Answer 13

inflammatory Edema [ exudation] due to increased vascular permeability. It has high protein contents, high specific gravity and rich in cellular debris.

Question 14

Define transudate edema

Answer 14

ultrafiltrate fo blood plasma resulting from increased hydrostatic pressure at arteriolar side of circulation. It has low protein contents, low specific gravity and little or no inflammatory cells.

Question 15

Define pus

Answer 15

a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells, and, in many cases, microbes.