Overview of MSD Ch1

Question 1

apraxia is related to…

Answer 1

groping

Question 2

dysarthria is related to…

Answer 2

weakness

Question 3

motor speech disorders

Answer 3

• results from damage to the nervous system, motor control system, or both
• includes cranial nerves

Question 4

MSDs results from damage to the underlying system involved with…

Answer 4

• planning
• programming and executing speech
• producing fluent, intelligible speech

Question 5

MSDs do not result from disorders of language or phonology

Answer 5

• may accompany language disorders or phonological disorders
• person may have a language disorder + motor speech disorder (2 distinct disorders) or phonological disorder + motor speech disorder

Question 6

neurology of speech, cognitive linguistic processes

Answer 6

• intent to communicate is coded into words
• involves cognition and language
• must be coded into speech, the actual production

Question 7

neuromuscular execution

Answer 7

• selection, sequencing, regulation of sensori-motor programs
• programs activate speech muscles and neurons at appropriate times, durations, and intensities
• allows for motor speech planning, programming, and control
• central and peripheral nervous system must combine

Question 8

these executive motor speech programs by innervating

Answer 8

• breathing muscles
• phonatory muscles
• resonatory muscles
• articulatory muscles

Question 9

respiration

Answer 9

• the foundation for speech
• inhalation/exhalation
• disorders of breathing impact speech

Question 10

we speak during which phase of respiration?

Answer 10

exhalation

Question 11

phonation

Answer 11

• actual production of speech sound
• sound at its source, vocal folds and air puff from lungs

Question 12

resonance

Answer 12

• change in speech signal as it travels through
• pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
• size and shape of each structure impacts quality of sound

Question 13

articulation

Answer 13

movement of articulators to produce the smooth coordinates movements needed fro speech sound production

Question 14

speech motor control

Answer 14

• requires rapid coordination across a wide range of muscle groups
• brain programs the sequence of movements as a single unit
• articulation highly coordinated and overlapping movements

Question 15

MSDs can occur if

Answer 15

• brain cannot group and sequence relevant muscles to plan or program a movement
• brain may be sending the wrong plan or program
• deficits or inefficiencies in basic phonological or movement characteristics of muscles
• brain damage can impact planning, coordination, timing, and/or execution

Question 16

MSDs can be seen in children or adults

Answer 16

• CAS or AOS
• childhood dysarthria
• anoxia, cerebral palsy
• strokes
• TBI
• neurological disorders

Question 17

apraxia of speech and acquired apraxia of speech

Answer 17

disturbance to brain circuits devoted to the programming or articulatory movements are impaired

Question 18

dysarthria and dysarthria in adults

Answer 18

disturbances in motor control due to damage to the central or peripheral nervous system (e.g., some degree of weakness, slowness, incoordination, or altered muscle tone)

Question 19

categorizing MSDs

Answer 19

• age of onset
• can be congenital or acquired
• if acquired, usually clear onset, not always with progressive neurological problems
• course of the disorder
• congenital (e.g., anoxia or cerebral palsy)
• chronic or stationary (stroke patient plateus or adult with cerebral palsy)
• improving (e.g., following stroke or TBI)
• progressive or degenerative (ALS or Parkinson’s)
• exacerbating-remitting (e.g., MS)

Question 20

site of lesions for MSDs could be

Answer 20

• neuromuscular junction
• peripheral or cranial nerves
• brainstem
• cerebellum
• basal ganglia
• pyramidal or extrapyramidal pathways
• cortex

Question 21

the motor system, purpose of knowing site of lesion

Answer 21

• neurological diagnosis
• gives you an idea of what to expect with speech
• if site of lesion does not jive with diagnosis, take careful notes and let neurologist know

Question 22

neurological diagnosis

Answer 22

• degenerative
• inflammatory
• toxic-metabolic
• neoplastic (abnormal cells)
• traumatic
• vascular

Question 23

type of MSD can help confirm

Answer 23

neurologic diagnosis

Question 24

Parkinson’s disease generally results in

Answer 24

hypokinetic dysarthria

Question 25

myasthenia gravis results in

Answer 25

flaccid dysarthria

Question 26

if not typical type for etiology

Answer 26

suspect incomplete or inaccurate diagnosis

Question 27

apraxia comes from damage to which hemisphere?

Answer 27

left hemisphere

Question 28

what percent of MSDs are apraxia?

Answer 28

8%

Question 29

flaccid dysarthria

Answer 29

- lower motor neuron - problems with executing the movement - caused by weakness

Question 30

spastic dysarthria

Answer 30

- bilateral upper motor neuron problems - issues with execution of the movement - spasticity is the neuromotor basis

Question 31

ataxic dysarthria

Answer 31

- problems originate in the cerebellum - causes issues with "control" - difficulty modulating motor programming activities - movement is uncoordinated

Question 32

hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 32

- problem arises in the basal ganglia (extrapyramidal) - issues with "control" - resultant problems are from rigidity, reduced range of movement

Question 33

hyperkinetic dysarthria

Answer 33

- problem arises in basal ganglia (extrapyramidal) - issues with "control" - involuntary movements occur

Question 34

unilateral upper motor neuron

Answer 34

- site of lesion is the upper motor neurons on 1 side - problems with execution/control - causes upper motor neuron weakness, incoordination, or spasticity

Question 35

mixed dysarthria

Answer 35

- more than 1 site of lesion - more than 1 type