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cognitive and neurogenic communication disorders > Overview of Neuropathology > Flashcards

Overview of Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms can be similar and a diagnosis may have tests and procedures in common

A
  • dementia
  • right hemisphere syndrome
  • TBI
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2
Q

neuropathology

A
  • almost always person becomes involved in health care system
  • good quality of care vs. poorer quality of care
  • transcends location
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3
Q

what types of medical care are available in every town and city?

A

good and poor

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4
Q

are there support groups for most conditions under neuropathology?

A

yes, there are support groups for each condition

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5
Q

health disparities such as differences in

A
  • incidence
  • prevalence (rare vs. common)
  • morbidity
  • mortality
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6
Q

incidence, prevalence, or both? measures of the extent of disease in a population

A

both incidence and prevalence

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7
Q

incidence, prevalence, or both? tells us about a change in status from non-disease to disease, thus being limited to new cases

A

incidence

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8
Q

incidence, prevalence, or both? includes both new cases and those who contracted the disease in the past and are still surviving

A

prevalence

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9
Q

morbidity

A

refers to the unhealthy state of an individual

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10
Q

mortality

A

refers to the state of being mortal

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11
Q

both morbidity and mortality can be applied at which 2 levels?

A
  1. individual level
  2. across a population
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12
Q

morbidity rate

A

looks at the incidence of a disease across a population and/or geographic location during a single year

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13
Q

mortality rate

A

the rate of death in a population

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14
Q

morbidity rate and mortality rate are often used together to calculate the…

A

prevalence of a disease

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15
Q

other health disparities

A
  • racial and cultural inequities
  • differences in wealth
  • poverty
  • hazardous living/working conditions
  • access to health care
  • standard housing
  • below-par or nonexistent healthcare early in life
  • lack of insurance
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16
Q

underrepresented groups

A
  • ethnic minorities
  • people living with AIDS
  • returning veterans with injuries
  • incarcerated people
  • homeless individuals
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17
Q

returning veterans with injuries often are diagnosed with PTSD, but what goes untreated?

A

the brain injury

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18
Q

incarcerated people often have

A

TBI

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19
Q

United States demographic trends

A
  • increasing number of people of color, ethnically diverse population
  • increasing number of older adults
20
Q

CVAs/strokes can cause what 2 disorders?

A
  1. aphasia
  2. dementia
21
Q

can also cause dementia if lots of what specific CVAs occur?

A

transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

22
Q

hypertension

A

precursor to a stroke

23
Q

risk factors of hypertension

A
  • obesity
  • lack of physical activity
  • alcohol use
24
Q

strokes due to hypertension are generally

A

hemorrhagic

25
Q

can have lots of brain damage with what specific type of hemorrhage?

A

cerebral hemorrhage

26
Q

hypertension for African-Americans

A
  • groups is most at risk
  • may have lower levels of a specific enzyme, may be biological
  • fewer African-Americans have hypertension under control
27
Q

hypertensions for Mexican Americans

A

strong inverse relationship between SES and hypertension

28
Q

hypertensions for Native Americans/Alaska Natives

A
  • high poverty rate, high unemployment
  • lower education
  • increased susceptibility to certain diseases
  • high rate of hypertension associated with obesity and diabetes
29
Q

which type of diabetes affects adults?

A

type 2 diabetes

30
Q

diabetes means that the body does not produce or cells ignore

A

insulin

31
Q

insulin is needed for body to be able to produce

A

glucose for energy

32
Q

insulin is made in the

A

pancreas

33
Q

high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels leading to

A
  • heart disease
  • stroke
34
Q

prevalence of diabetes in African-Americans is

A

70% higher than in most other populations

35
Q

cavernouse malformations

A
  • vascular disease of the brain
  • can be genetic
36
Q

types of cavernous malformations

A
  • sporadic
  • autosomal dominant
37
Q

cavernous malformations cause

A
  • headaches
  • epilepsy
  • seizures
  • cerebral hemorrhage
38
Q

population at risk for cavernous malformations is

A

Hispanic Americans

39
Q

stroke prevalence

A
  • differences in racial predisposition for types of stroke
  • variability in stroke severity across ethnic groups
  • correlations among ethnicity, stroke, and disabilities
40
Q

the Stroke Belt

A
  • southern states have high stroke mortality
  • highest prevalence among African-Americans in the southeast
  • Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
41
Q

dementia

A
  • 1 in every 10 people of age 65 and older have it
  • 50% are diagnosed with it
  • projected by 2050, 16 million people will have Alzheimer’s disease
42
Q

dementia, ethnic groups

A
  • African Americans and Hispanics have higher prevalence and incidence
  • could be vascular dementia
  • genetic factors do not account for differences between ethnic groups
43
Q

health conditions that can increase risk of dementia

A
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • head injuries and treatment
  • disparities in protective factors such as estrogen replacement replacement therapy
  • anti-inflammatory drugs
  • diet rich in antioxidants
44
Q

diabetes can lead to higher incidence of what type of dementia?

A

vascular-related dementia

45
Q

dementia, cognitive reserve

A
  • better educated people may have better ability to compensate for any mild deficits
  • may be a longer trek to severe deficits if you brain a lot
46
Q

AIDS

A
  • rise in incidence in people over age 50
  • AIDs is highly correlated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
  • cognitive impairment occurs in over half of the population
  • disparities across ethnic groups in seeking treatments
  • lack of insurance, income barriers, cultural barriers (impeded access to prevententative programs)
47
Q

drug use

A
  • marijuana
  • cocaine
  • heroin
  • inhalants
  • hallucinogens
  • methamphetamine
  • flakka

cognitive and neurogenic communication disorders (3 decks)

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