Overview of Neuropathology

Question 1

symptoms can be similar and a diagnosis may have tests and procedures in common

Answer 1

• dementia
• right hemisphere syndrome
• TBI

Question 2

neuropathology

Answer 2

• almost always person becomes involved in health care system
• good quality of care vs. poorer quality of care
• transcends location

Question 3

what types of medical care are available in every town and city?

Answer 3

good and poor

Question 4

are there support groups for most conditions under neuropathology?

Answer 4

yes, there are support groups for each condition

Question 5

health disparities such as differences in

Answer 5

• incidence
• prevalence (rare vs. common)
• morbidity
• mortality

Question 6

incidence, prevalence, or both? measures of the extent of disease in a population

Answer 6

both incidence and prevalence

Question 7

incidence, prevalence, or both? tells us about a change in status from non-disease to disease, thus being limited to new cases

Answer 7

incidence

Question 8

incidence, prevalence, or both? includes both new cases and those who contracted the disease in the past and are still surviving

Answer 8

prevalence

Question 9

morbidity

Answer 9

refers to the unhealthy state of an individual

Question 10

mortality

Answer 10

refers to the state of being mortal

Question 11

both morbidity and mortality can be applied at which 2 levels?

Answer 11

1. individual level
2. across a population

Question 12

morbidity rate

Answer 12

looks at the incidence of a disease across a population and/or geographic location during a single year

Question 13

mortality rate

Answer 13

the rate of death in a population

Question 14

morbidity rate and mortality rate are often used together to calculate the…

Answer 14

prevalence of a disease

Question 15

other health disparities

Answer 15

• racial and cultural inequities
• differences in wealth
• poverty
• hazardous living/working conditions
• access to health care
• standard housing
• below-par or nonexistent healthcare early in life
• lack of insurance

Question 16

underrepresented groups

Answer 16

• ethnic minorities
• people living with AIDS
• returning veterans with injuries
• incarcerated people
• homeless individuals

Question 17

returning veterans with injuries often are diagnosed with PTSD, but what goes untreated?

Answer 17

the brain injury

Question 18

incarcerated people often have

Answer 18

TBI

Question 19

United States demographic trends

Answer 19

• increasing number of people of color, ethnically diverse population
• increasing number of older adults

Question 20

CVAs/strokes can cause what 2 disorders?

Answer 20

1. aphasia
2. dementia

Question 21

can also cause dementia if lots of what specific CVAs occur?

Answer 21

transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

Question 22

hypertension

Answer 22

precursor to a stroke

Question 23

risk factors of hypertension

Answer 23

• obesity
• lack of physical activity
• alcohol use

Question 24

strokes due to hypertension are generally

Answer 24

hemorrhagic

Question 25

can have lots of brain damage with what specific type of hemorrhage?

Answer 25

cerebral hemorrhage

Question 26

hypertension for African-Americans

Answer 26

- groups is most at risk - may have lower levels of a specific enzyme, may be biological - fewer African-Americans have hypertension under control

Question 27

hypertensions for Mexican Americans

Answer 27

strong inverse relationship between SES and hypertension

Question 28

hypertensions for Native Americans/Alaska Natives

Answer 28

- high poverty rate, high unemployment - lower education - increased susceptibility to certain diseases - high rate of hypertension associated with obesity and diabetes

Question 29

which type of diabetes affects adults?

Answer 29

type 2 diabetes

Question 30

diabetes means that the body does not produce or cells ignore

Answer 30

insulin

Question 31

insulin is needed for body to be able to produce

Answer 31

glucose for energy

Question 32

insulin is made in the

Answer 32

pancreas

Question 33

high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels leading to

Answer 33

- heart disease - stroke

Question 34

prevalence of diabetes in African-Americans is

Answer 34

70% higher than in most other populations

Question 35

cavernouse malformations

Answer 35

- vascular disease of the brain - can be genetic

Question 36

types of cavernous malformations

Answer 36

- sporadic - autosomal dominant

Question 37

cavernous malformations cause

Answer 37

- headaches - epilepsy - seizures - cerebral hemorrhage

Question 38

population at risk for cavernous malformations is

Answer 38

Hispanic Americans

Question 39

stroke prevalence

Answer 39

- differences in racial predisposition for types of stroke - variability in stroke severity across ethnic groups - correlations among ethnicity, stroke, and disabilities

Question 40

the Stroke Belt

Answer 40

- southern states have high stroke mortality - highest prevalence among African-Americans in the southeast - Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia

Question 41

dementia

Answer 41

- 1 in every 10 people of age 65 and older have it - 50% are diagnosed with it - projected by 2050, 16 million people will have Alzheimer's disease

Question 42

dementia, ethnic groups

Answer 42

- African Americans and Hispanics have higher prevalence and incidence - could be vascular dementia - genetic factors do not account for differences between ethnic groups

Question 43

health conditions that can increase risk of dementia

Answer 43

- high blood pressure - diabetes - head injuries and treatment - disparities in protective factors such as estrogen replacement replacement therapy - anti-inflammatory drugs - diet rich in antioxidants

Question 44

diabetes can lead to higher incidence of what type of dementia?

Answer 44

vascular-related dementia

Question 45

dementia, cognitive reserve

Answer 45

- better educated people may have better ability to compensate for any mild deficits - may be a longer trek to severe deficits if you brain a lot

Question 46

AIDS

Answer 46

- rise in incidence in people over age 50 - AIDs is highly correlated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke - cognitive impairment occurs in over half of the population - disparities across ethnic groups in seeking treatments - lack of insurance, income barriers, cultural barriers (impeded access to prevententative programs)

Question 47

drug use

Answer 47

- marijuana - cocaine - heroin - inhalants - hallucinogens - methamphetamine - flakka