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Overview Of The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the technical word for structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What’s the technical name for function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What is an eye

A

The organ of sight allowing for imaging of the surroundings

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4
Q

How is a pinhole eye formed

A

Photosensory cells are invaginated forming a chamber and there is only a small hole that lets light into the photoreceptors cells

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5
Q

How is an image formed in a pinhole eye

A

Very narrow beams of light from each point of an object form an inverted image on the wall of the chamber

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6
Q

What is the image like that’s produced by a pin hole eye

A

Either extremely dim or extremely blurred

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7
Q

Where are camera type eye found

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

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8
Q

How is an image formed in a camera type eye

A

A pupil that limits light and focused incoming light onto a photosensitive surface

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9
Q

In a camera type eye, what shape is the lens formed

A

Spherical

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10
Q

How is the lens in a camera type eye formed in terrestrial Arthropods

A

Thickening of the exoskeleton cuticle

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11
Q

What is the image like that’s produced by a camera type eye

A

Bright picture with high optical quality

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12
Q

Where’s a concave mirror found

A

Clam pecten and a few ostracod crustaceans

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13
Q

What kind of image does a concave mirror eye produce

A

Bright but reasonably hazy picture

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14
Q

Opsin

A

The protein part of the visual pigment

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15
Q

When did eyes first appear

A

About 600 million years ago

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16
Q

Crystallins

A

Structural proteins of lenses

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17
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Appearance and diversification of multicellular organisms

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18
Q

Trilobites

A

Arthropods that became extinct about 200 million years ago

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19
Q

How are Arthropods characterised

A

By the possession of segmented body with appendages on each segment.
They have a dorsal heart and a central nervous system

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20
Q

What is the hard exoskeleton of Arthropods made of

A

Chitin, a polysaccharide which provide physical protection + resistance to desiccation

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21
Q

What happens when an Arthropods moults

A

It sheds its covering - exoskeleton

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22
Q

What eyes do Arthropods have

A

Compound eyes

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23
Q

What eyes do vertebrates have

A

Simple eyes

24
Q

An evolutionary history

A

The emergence of our species and our eyes through geological time

25
A developmental history
Unfolding within the lifetime of an individual
26
Conjunctiva
A vascular membrane covering the sclera over the anterior segment of the eyeball and the adjacent surface of the eyelids
27
What are the 3 layers of the human eye
Outer Middle Inner
28
What does the outer layer of the human eye consist of and it’s purpose
Sclera Cornea = protection
29
What does the middle layer of the human eye consist of
Uvea (choroid ciliary body iris) | =vascular, pigmented
30
What does the inner layer of the human eye consist of
Retina | =photoreceptive
31
Dioptric appears consists of ........
Cornea, lens, aqueous humour, vitreous humour
32
Corneosclera
Shape of the eyeball, protective
33
What are the appearance of Sclera Cornea
White | Transparent
34
What is the sclera
The opaque, fibrous, protective layer of the eye containing collagen + elastic fibres
35
What’s the sclera like in children
Thinner and shoes some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue
36
What’s the sclera like in the old
Fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow
37
What does the sclera form
The posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe, offering resistance to the internal + external forces
38
What’s the thickness of the sclera
1mm at the posterior pole To 0.33mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions
39
The corneas function :
Provides a protective coating to the eye Transparent - provides a clear windscreen Is an optical lens - carries out 2/3 of focusing of visible light on retina
40
What is the middle coat of the eye
Uvea = vascular coat
41
Describe middle coat of the eye/ uvea
``` Darkly pigmented (melanin) - absorption of light Blood supply to the structures in the eye- nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal Other functions specific for the iris + ciliary body - accommodation response enabling to focus on objects at different distances ```
42
What does the anterior uvea consist of
Iris | Ciliary body
43
What does the posterior u ea consist of
Choroid
44
Iris
A muscular diaphragm controlling the amount of light entering the eye
45
Ciliary body
A muscular structure involved in adjusting the refractive power of the lens
46
Choroid
Layer of pigmented vascular tissue between the retina + sclera
47
What is the inner coat of the eye
Retina
48
Describe the inner coat of the eye - retina
Complex layer of nerve cells connected to the rest of the brain by optic nerve which goes through a canal in the bony orbit - the optic foramen Lies between the vitreous humour + the choroid It can function (respond to light int.) over 11 orders of magnitude of light intensity
49
What makes up the retina
Rods and cones
50
Describe rods
Responsible for vision at low light (scotopic vision) Do not mediate colour vision Have a low spatial acuity
51
Describe cones
``` Active at higher light levels (photopic vision) Capable of colour vision 3 types of cones -short wavelength sensitive cones -Middle wavelength sensitive cones -long wavelength sensitive cones ```
52
What are short/middle/long wavelengths aka
S-cone M-cone L-cone
53
What are the functions of the retina
To detect + sample the inverted image projected upon it To carry out initial neural integration + processing To transmit the info in a precisely ordered pattern to the higher visual centres in the brain (the cortex)
54
Visual pathways
From the retina via optic nerve signal goes to the brain
55
Eye movements
Ocular muscles execute eye movements Space between glove + orbit filled with orbital fat Nerve supply needed to convey impulses to the eye, extra ocular muscles, ciliary muscle and iris Sensory impulses carried from the eye (cornea+retina)

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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