Overview of the Immune System

Question 1

Study of how the human body protects itself from threats from w/out and from w/in?

Answer 1

Immunology

Question 2

Immune system consists of cells, organs, & molecules that are all concerned w/ ___ & ___ to infection and malignancies.

Answer 2

defense & resistance

Question 3

5 main categories of disease-causing organisms or pathogens:?

Answer 3

virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoal parasite, & multicellular parasite

Question 4

Agent that has the potential to cause disease?

Answer 4

Pathogen

Question 5

Pneumonia, Tetanus, Sleeping sickness, & Pneumocytsis pneumonia are all what type of pathogen?

Answer 5

Extracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi

Question 6

Leprosy, Leishmaniasis, & Malaria are all what type of pathogen?

Answer 6

Intracellular bacteria, parasites

Question 7

Smallpox, flu, & chickenpox are all what type of pathogen?

Answer 7

Viruses (intracellular)

Question 8

Ascariasis & Schistosomiasis are what type of pathogen?

Answer 8

Parasitic worms (extracellular)

Question 9

Anything (self or non-self) that can be recognized by the immune system?

Answer 9

Antigen

Question 10

What are some common antigens?

Answer 10

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and even nucleic acid

Question 11

Anything (self or non-self) that can induce an immune response?

Answer 11

Immunogen

Question 12

Can all antigens elicit responses on their own?

Answer 12

No, some of them require help to elicit responses

Question 13

The portion of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system. Also, called “antigenic determinant”

Answer 13

Epitope

Question 14

What components of the immune system recognizes these epitopes?

Answer 14

T lymphocytes & B lymphocytes

Question 15

What does the 3-Tiered approach to defense consist of?

Answer 15

Barrier, Innate immunity, & Adaptive immunity

Question 16

When encountering any infectious organism what immune system responds first?

Answer 16

Innate immune response

Question 17

This immunity mechanism: rapid reponse (hours), fixed, limited # of specificities, & constant during response?

Answer 17

Innate immunity

Question 18

This immunity mechanism:
slow response (days to weeks), variable, # highly selective specificities, & improve during response?

Answer 18

Adaptive immunity

Question 19

This immune response is present from birth & not antigen-specific?

Answer 19

Innate immune response

Question 20

This immune response is not enhanced by 2nd exposure, no memory, & enhanced by adaptive immunity?

Answer 20

Innate immune response

Question 21

Components of innate immunity?

Answer 21

phagocytes, Granulocytes, Antigen presenting cells, cytotoxic cells, & soluble factors

Question 22

Adaptive immune response components?

Answer 22

T cells & B cells

Question 23

This immune response is: induced, delayed; specificity; diversity; tolerance of self; memory?

Answer 23

Adaptive immune response

Question 24

Ability to discriminate between harmless (self) & potentially harmful (non-self) antigens?

Answer 24

Tolerance of self

Question 25

This describes the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and more vigorously against pathogens that it has previously encountered?

Answer 25

Memory

Question 26

T cells can further be subdivided into?

Answer 26

CD4 cells (helper cells) & CD8 cells (Cytotoxic T cells/killer cells)

Question 27

Activated CD4 T cells secrete a wide variety of messenger molecules called?

Answer 27

Cytokines

Question 28

T cells cannot recognize free antigen & require antigen to be presented to them by cells called?

Answer 28

Antigen Presenting cells (APC)

Question 29

Low molecular weight proteins that regulate the intensity & duration of the immune response by exerting a variety of effects on lymphocytes & other immune cells?

Answer 29

Cytokines

Question 30

Examples of cytokines

Answer 30

Interleukins (IL) & Interferons (IFN)

Question 31

Innate and adaptive immune cells are called?

Answer 31

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 32

2 primary groups of leukocytes

Answer 32

Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

Question 33

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are from what primary group

Answer 33

Granulocytes

Question 34

Monocytes & lymphocytes are from what primary group

Answer 34

Agranulocytes (mononuclear cells)

Question 35

What cell type has proportion leukocyte % less than 1% & what has 40-75%?

Answer 35

<1%: Basophil | 40-75%: Neutrophil

Question 36

What cell type has proportion leukocyte % 2-10% & what cell type 20-50%?

Answer 36

2-10%: monocyte | 20-50%: Lymphocyte

Question 37

CD34+

Answer 37

Hematopoietic stem cell

Question 38

The lymphoid lineage contains?

Answer 38

T cells, B cells, & natural killer cells

Question 39

The myeloid lineage contains most of the cells of the innate immune system but also includes?

Answer 39

Dendritic cells

Question 40

Macrophage: tissue designations for liver

Answer 40

Kupffer cells

Question 41

Macrophage: tissue designation for connective tissue

Answer 41

histiocytes

Question 42

What allow the innate immune system to detect pathogens

Answer 42

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 43

Surface wound introduces bacteria, which activate resident effector cells to secrete?

Answer 43

Cytokines

Question 44

What allow fluid, protein, & inflammatory cells to leave blood & enter tissue?

Answer 44

Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability

Question 45

What take up antigens in peripheral sites & carry them to 2nd lymphoid tissues?

Answer 45

Dendritic cells

Question 46

What forms the bridge between innate & adaptive immune response?

Answer 46

Dendritic cells

Question 47

Bone marrow and Thymus. Sites where lymphocytes develop or mature?

Answer 47

Primary (central)

Question 48

Spleen, Lymph nodes, Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues. Sites where immune responses or organisms or molecules are induced?

Answer 48

Secondary (peripheral)

Question 49

CD4 or CD8

Answer 49

T cells

Question 50

What in lymphocytes produces antibodies?

Answer 50

B cells

Question 51

What takes up most of cell in lymphocytes?

Answer 51

Nucleus

Question 52

During development in primary lymphoid tissue lymphocytes generate unique antigen receptors by?

Answer 52

gene rearrangement

Question 53

The development & survival of lymphocytes is determined by signals received through their _______ ______

Answer 53

antigen receptors

Question 54

T cell receptors only recognize peptide fragments of antigens bound to proteins of the?

Answer 54

major histocompatibility complex

Question 55

Adaptive immune responses are initiated by antigen & antigen-presenting cells in ____ lymphoid tissues

Answer 55

secondary

Question 56

T cell area of lymph nodes

Answer 56

paracortex

Question 57

B cell area of lymph nodes

Answer 57

follicles in cortex

Question 58

Lymphocytes enter Secondary lymphoid tissues via ?

Answer 58

High Endothelial venules

Question 59

Lymphocytes entry into tissues is dependent on specific adhesive interactions between specific what?

Answer 59

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Question 60

Peyer's patches are covered by an epithelial layer containing specialized cell called __ cells which have characteristic membrane ruffels

Answer 60

M cells

Question 61

What immune response are initiated in organized lymphoid structures?

Answer 61

Adaptive immune response

Question 62

B cells activated by antigen & helped by T cells become what?

Answer 62

Plasma cells (Antibody-secreting cells)

Question 63

When does Germinal centers form?

Answer 63

After T cells help B cells

Question 64

What type of T cells recognize MHC class 1 & become cytotoxic (CTL)?

Answer 64

CD8 T cells

Question 65

What type of T cells recognizes complex of bacterial peptide w/ MHC class II & activates macrophage?

Answer 65

CD4 T cells (helper cells)

Question 66

CD4 T cells (__) recognize MHC class II & help B cells

Answer 66

Th2