Overview of the skeleton & Anatomical terminology Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Osteo=
A
bone
2
Q
ology=
A
scientific study
3
Q
Osteology
A
discipline dedicated to studying skeletons (bones and teeth)
4
Q
Central skill in human osteology is what?
A
Identification
5
Q
Components of identification
A
- which element of the skeleton
- which side of the body
6
Q
How many bones in adult human skeleton?
A
206
7
Q
How many bones in the skull?
A
28
8
Q
How many bones in the vertebrae?
A
24
9
Q
How many bones in the sacrum and coccyx?
A
2
10
Q
How many bones in the ribs?
A
24
11
Q
How many bones in the sternum and hyoid?
A
2
12
Q
How many bones in the upper limbs?
A
10
13
Q
How many bones in the hands?
A
54
14
Q
How many bones in the lower limbs?
A
10
15
Q
How many bones in the feet?
A
52
16
Q
When siding
A
- left
- right
(if paired bones) - midline
17
Q
How many teeth?
A
32
18
Q
Examples of accessory bones
A
- fabella
- os ulnostyloideum
- supernumerary rib on lumbar vertebra (L1)
- “cervical rib”
19
Q
Cranial
A
referring to skull (cranium + mandible)
20
Q
Post cranial
A
referring to everything that is not the skull
21
Q
Axial skeleton
A
central “axis”
22
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
“appendage”
- limbs, hands, feet, and girdles
23
Q
Long bone example
A
humerus
24
Q
Irregular bone example
A
vertebra
25
Flat bone example
sternum
26
Short bone example
talus
27
Describe anatomical position and why it is important
A standardized body posture in which:
- standing upright
- facing forward
- feet together with toes pointing forward
- arms along the sides
- palms forward and thumbs out
28
Planes of reference
1.) Coronal (frontal)
2.) Sagittal
3.) Transverse
29
Coronal (frontal) plane
- separates front and back
30
Sagittal plane
- separates one side from the other
31
Midsagittal plane
- goes down the midline and separates right and left halves
32
Transverse plane
- separates top from bottom
33
All the planes are______ to the others
orthogonal
34
Primary body axes in humans and other orthograde animals
- anterior
- posterior
- superior
- inferior
35
Orthograde
Trunk is oriented upright
36
Anterior
toward the front/in front
37
Posterior
toward the back/behind
38
Superior
toward the top/above
39
Inferior
toward the bottom/below
40
Primary body axes applicable to pronograde and orthograde animals
- ventral
- dorsal
- caudal
- cranial
41
Ventral
toward the belly
42
Dorsal
toward the back
43
Cranial
toward the head
44
Caudal
toward the tail
45
Pronograde
Trunk is oriented horizontally
46
The correct anatomical terminology can ensure that we are referring to _______ structures when making comparisons in different species
homologous
47
Other directional terms applicable to pronograde and orthograde animals
- medial
- lateral
- proximal
- distal
48
Medial
toward the midline
49
Lateral
away from the midline
50
6 views (of the skull)
1.) Anterior view
2.) Posterior view
3.) Superior view
4.) Left Lateral view
5.) Right Lateral view
6.) Inferior view
(medial view)
51
Terms when talking about appendicular skeleton
- proximal
- distal
52
Proximal
toward the body's core (closer to axial skeleton)
53
Distal
away from the body's core
54
Anatomical directions specific to the feet and hands
Hand
- palmar
- dorsal
Foot
- plantar
- dorsal
55
Hand: palmar
toward the front of the hand
56
Hand: dorsal
toward the back surface of the hand
57
Foot: plantar
toward the sole of the foot
58
Foot: dorsal
toward the back of the foot
59
Joints and articulations are locations where_______ meet
bones
60
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
61
Tendons
attach muscle to bone
62
The more mobile a joint, the more unstable
True
63
Very stable joint
Immobile (suture)
64
Mobility vs. stability ______
trade-off
65
Fibrous joints
- least mobile
- they are bound together by strong connective tissue
66
Examples of fibrous joints
1.) Gomphosis (tooth to root)
2.) Suture
3.) Syndesmosis (interosseous membrane)
67
Cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
- NOT very mobile
- this is where two bones are united by cartilage only
68
The joint between ribs and sternum are_______
Synchondroses
69
Fibrocartilaginous joints
- also NOT very mobile
- cartilaginous layers persist between the bones
70
Examples of fibrocartilaginous joints
- intervertebral disc
- pubic symphysis
71
Synovial joints
- MOST mobile
- they have a specific structure
72
Specific structure of synovial joints
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage (hyaline)
- ligament
73
The shapes of synovial joints determines which movements can occur at them
- hinge
- ball and socket
- saddle
74
Example of a hinge joint
- elbow joint
75
Example of a ball and socket joint
- shoulder joint
- hip joint
76
Flexion
a bending movement that decreases joint angles
77
Example of a saddle joint
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
78
Extension
a straightening out movement that increases joint angles
79
Elbow flexion
closing the joint, joint angle is small
80
Elbow extension
opening the joint, joint angle is large
81
ABduction
increasing joint angles in the sagittal plane
82
ADduction
decreasing joint angles in the sagittal plane
83
Circumduction
movement in a circular motion created through a combination of flexion/extension and adduction and abduction
84
Superpower of the primate elbow
pronation and supination
85
Pronation
radius and ulna cross
86
Supination
radius and ulna uncrossed in anatomical position
87
Also primate superpowers
- radial deviation
- ulnar deviation
- opposition of thumb
88
Movements of foot
- dorsiflexion
- plantar flexion
- pronated (eversion)
- supinated (inversion)
89
Eversion (pronated)
leaning inward
90
Inversion (supinated)
leaning outward
91
Hip movements
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
