Overview of upper and lower limb anatomy Flashcards
What nerves are associated with upper and lower limbs?
Upper limb-C5-T1
Lower limb L2-S3
Where are flexors and extensors placed in upper limbs and lower limbs?
Upper- Flexors are anterior, extensors and posterior
Lower limb-rotate inwards during development - flexors are posterior, extensors are anterior
What are compartments of upper limbs?
Divide limbs up in compartments that have a similar function, nerve supply and blood supply
eg: upper limb-pectoral girdle (Pec major, deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi), Intrinsic shoulder muscle (upper, lateral, anterior arm (flexor), posterior arm (extensor), anterior and posterior FOREarm (flexor/extensor), instrinsic hand muscle
(ARM IS ONLY PART BETWEEN SHOULDER AND ELBOW)
What muscles are part of the pectroral/shoulder girdle?
Pec major, deltoid (attatch to scapular spine like trapezisus, but goes from shoulder to arm), trapezius (innervated by cravial nerve), latissiumus dorsi
What are the compartments of the lower limbs?
Hip abductors, Hip extensors, hip flexors, anterior thigh muscle (extensor), medial thigh muscle (adductors), Posterior thigh muscles (flexors), anterior leg msucle (extensor), lateral leg muscle (food evetors), posterior leg muscle (flexors), intrinsic foot muscle
What are the bones of the lower limbs?
Hip-sacroilliac joing
acetabulum connects to femus
Then knee (patella), then tibia+fibula , then tarsal + feet bones
What is illio-psoas?
muscle located in lower limb, but act much higher-psoas goes up to L1
Both attatch to Femur tubercule
What is the blood supply for the upper limb?
all comes out of aorta (ofc)-and from subclavian
Immediatly becomes axillaty, then as pass in arm-brachial artery
Crosses over in elbow to provide radial and ulnar arteries
These meet again in the palm, to form palmar arches
Circumflex arteries around neck of humerus
What is the blood drainage for the upper limb?
Veins run along the arteries
But many more superficial veins that do most of the drainage
superficial From wrist-right basilic (medial), cephalic (lateral)-then usually signifiant connection via medial cubital
Basilic becomes subclavian, and nasilic joints back around shoulder
deep-radial and ulnar veins that forms networks/webs instead of one vein-only has go more medial do they bceome single veins.
Why are upper limb veins important clinically
Superficial veins in cubital fossa can be site for phlebotomy or venous line
(BUT THE MEDIAL CUBITAL LINE ISNT ALWAYS THERE)
aslo hand veins are usually visibly
What is the blood supply to the lower limbs?
Illiac divide to become internal and external illiac
Internal illiac goes mostly to perineum
External passes under inguinal canal and becomes femoral artery (large artery connected easily to heart).
Runs anteriorly but passes behind knee to become popiteal artery (back of knee)-gives loads of local branches, bit just after knee gives anterior tibial branch and fibular (also called perinoael) branch-passes behind ankle bones-provide plantar supply
Tibial branch goes to superficial part of the bone
What is the blood drainage to the lower limbs?
Deep system often accompanies the artery-venae comitantes-pair of veins that CLOSELY accompany
arteries
From plantar region, great saphenous vein passes medial of calf and behind knee then to femoral vein
From back of foot, along calf, small saphenous vein
Veins in lower limbs have perforating veins that connect superficial to deep- valves make it only go that direction
IF compromised-varicose veins
what is the femoral triangle
Place to acess femoral artery, femoral vein and find pulses
Why does DVT develop?
Muscle around the deep veins (sandwiched)-so when mucle moves, the blood is pushed upwards-calf pumps
BUt when inactive for a long time-pooling of blood, developent of clots that can go to lungs
What nerves innervate the upper limb
C5-T1- merge and intermingles into brachial plexus (learn later lol)-end in musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar nerves (MARMU)
NErves have anterior and posterior divison (anterior flexor, posterior extension)
General rules-muscle with the same effetcs on a join-same nerve supply
Opposing msulce-1/2 segment above/below
