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HUBS192 > Overview of upper resp tract > Flashcards

Overview of upper resp tract Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

To provide conditions to breathe optimal quality air

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2
Q

What allows us to breathe in quality air?

A

Connected organs and
structures that function to
conduct clean, warm & moist air into close proximity with the
blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.

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3
Q

What does the resp system need to be effective?

A

A surface for gas
exchange
* Blood and air brought
close together but
separated through caps
* A path for air to flow to
reach the gas exchange
surface in optimal
condition
* Ability to draw breath in
and out

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4
Q

What else does the respiratory system do?

A

Provides sound production through talking and olfaction

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5
Q

How many compinents is the resp system divided into?

A

3:
URT
LRT
Gross anatomy structures

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6
Q

Parts of the URT

A

*Nose
*Nasal cavity
*Paranasal sinuses
*Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx

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7
Q

LRT parts

A

*Larynx
*trachea
*Bronchioles
*Respiratory bronchioles
*Alveoli

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8
Q

Gross anatomy structures

A

*Thoracic cavity
*Joints
*Respiratory muscles

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9
Q

What does the conducting zone do?

A

*Just before GE
*Nose to bronchioles
*Ensure air is warm, clean and moist

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10
Q

What does the respiratory zone do?

A

*well inside the lungs
*bronchioles to alveoli
*true sites of GE

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11
Q

Oral cavity also aids in respiration because:

A

You can also breathe in through ur mouth

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12
Q

What is the epitheleum tract lined with?

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

What is the epitheleum tract composed of?

A

A sheet of epitheleum cells attatched via the basement membrane to connective tissue Lamina Propria

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14
Q

What is lamina propria

A

Proper layer

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15
Q

There are 4 types of Epitheleum that:

A

Change along the length of the tract to reflect function

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16
Q

Most of the conducting region contains

A

Respiratory epitheleum

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17
Q

Where food and air contains:

A

Stratified squamous epitheleum that provides protection

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18
Q

Site of Gas exchange contains

A

Simple squamous epitheleum for easy Gas exchange over short distances

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19
Q

Olfaction contains:

A

Olfactory Muscosa

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20
Q

What are most body organs lined with?

A

Mucosa

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21
Q

What cells make up the mucosa?

A

The epithelia, the basement membrane and the lamina propria

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22
Q

What does the connective tissue of the muscosa do?

A

Gives strength

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23
Q

What do the glands of the mucosa do?

A

Produce mucus

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24
Q

What is below the mucosa layer

A

Submucosal layer
-More connective tissue
- Depending on the region, may contain many glands

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25
Real name of the respiratory epitheleum
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheleum with goblet cells
26
Where is respiratory epitheleum found?
Found in the nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larynx, trachaea and bronchii
27
Why is the respiratory layer called pseudostratified?
All columnar cells are directly attatched to the basement layer but the cells appear stacked
28
What do Goblet cells do?
-Traps debris, - moistens air
29
What do ciliated cells do?
* Patterned movement pushes mucus towards pharynx * Swallowed and digested by stomach acid
30
Why does your nose run on a cold day?
In cold temperatures, cilia will stop beating. With nothing to help move the mucus towards the pharynx, it can ‘dribble’ out of your nose.
31
Why do we cough up mucus when we are unwell?
Normally produce 1-2L of mucus a day. When we’re sick, the body produces more, so we cough to help the cilia move the mucus
32
Why do smokers cough?
Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia. This leads to mucus accumulation and coughing to try and dislodge it.
33
Functions of the URT
Conducting passage (not only air) + food *Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange) - Warm - Clean - Moist * Paranasal sinuses- resonating chambers for speech * Olfaction – sensory receptors
34
What is the functions +parts of the nose? (4 main pts + subpoints)
-Primary passageway for air - Cartilages * Soft, flexible * Maintain patent (unobstructed) airway - Nostrils *External nares - Vestibule lined with skin * has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles - Vibrissae (hairs) filter inhaled air
35
Why is the anterior of the nose wiggly and soft?
Due to the cartilage
36
How many bones in the nasal bridge?
Two nasal bones
37
Why is the cartilage to the posterior of the forehead hard?
To help keep the nasal passageways open
38
What seperates the nostrils?
The nasal septum
39
Another word for pathway
Vestibule
40
How do vibrisiaee filter the air?
They trap dirt, debris and pathogens
41
Type of tissue lining the nose
Strat squamous epitheleum
42
Where is the nasal septum?
In the midline i.e coronal plane
43
What is beside the nasal septum?
Two nasal cavities
44
Anterior of the nasal septum is made of:
Cartilage
45
The posterior of the nasal septum is made of
2 nasal bones
46
What is the floor of the cavity made of?
Hard and soft palates
47
Bones that make up the roof of the mouth
The ethmoid and sphenoid bones
48
Where are the conchae found
The lateral walls
49
How many projections of the URT?
3 * Superior *Middle *Inferior
50
What are the conchae also called and why?
They are also called turbinates because they swirl the air inside
51
How do the conchae help to make the air clean + warm + moist?
They are covered in respiratory epitheleum, to whicg particles stick to the mucosa --> traps due to more time in the nasal cavity
52
Region that picks up smells
The nasal/ olfactory epitheleum, area on the roof of the nasal cavity (above the conchae) that contains olfactory receptors
53
What does the epitheleum sit on?
The lamina propria
54
What is the lamina propria filled with?
Thin walled vascular plexus which is capable of dilating
55
How does the plexus warm air in cold temps
The plexus dilates in cold temps, allowing the incoming air to get warm with the help of the conchae
56
How do nosebleeds occur?
Due to very cold temps --> more dilation
57
Where does the clean warm air travel through?
The internal nares (nostrils)
58
What is the paranasal sinus
Empty air filled spaces around the nose
59
Where are the paranasal sinuses
Above the eyebrows, just below the eyes and just above the lips
60
Where do the sinuses drain into?
The pharynx
61
Functions of the paranasal sinuses
Lighten skull * Increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air * Sound resonance * Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses
62
Why does your head feel heavy when your ill
The sinuses fill up with mucus + we sound nasal
63
What is your throat aka
Pharynx
64
Structure of the Pharynx
Muscular funnel-shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system
65
The air only passageway of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
66
Features of the nasopharynx
- Lined with the respiratory mucosa - Posterior to the nasal cavity - From internal nares to soft palate - Soft palate and uvula block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity - Auditory tubes drain here from the middle ear - Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) on the posterior wall
67
Why do the pharangeal tonsils swell up when sick
Contain lymphoid tissue that create immune components to fight off pathogens
68
3 sets of tonsils found in the pharynx
*Lingual *Palatine *Adenoid
69
Parts of the oropharynx
* Air and food * Stratified squamous epithelium = protection against abrasion * Posterior to oral cavity * From soft palate to hyoid bone * Palatine tonsils * Lingual tonsils
70
Why are the palatine tonsils the first tonsils removed during tonsilitis
They are the 1st to come into contact with pathogens when eating food yada yada
71
Features of the laryngopharynx
Air and food * Stratified squamous epithelium * From hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus * Ends at level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge * Food has ‘right of way’ during swallowing

HUBS192 (21 decks)

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