Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 1

For mitochondria where an uncoupler for oxidative phosphorylation is present, which statement is TRUE?
A) The rate of NADH reoxidation will decrease relative to coupled mitochondria.
B) The citric acid cycle will be inhibited relative to uncoupled mitochondria.
C) The P:O ratio for FADH2 will increase relative to uncoupled mitochondria.
D) The amount of ATP generated from FADH2 will be less than the amount of ATP
generated from NADH.
E) None of the statements is true.

Answer 1

D) The amount of ATP generated from FADH2 will be less than the amount of ATP generated from NADH.

Question 2

Which statement regarding oxidative phosphorylation is TRUE?
A) The rate of electron transport is independent of the magnitude of the proton
electrochemical gradient.
B) ATP synthase utilizes oxidized cofactors.
C) Proton transfer through the Fo subunit of ATP synthase is required for ATP
synthesis to occur.
D) The addition of an uncoupler decreases the rate of re-oxidation of NADH and FADH2, therefore decreasing the rate of the citric acid cycle.
E) All of the statements are true.

Answer 2

C) Proton transfer through the Fo subunit of ATP synthase is required for ATP
synthesis to occur.

Question 3

The consumption of acetyl-CoA by the citric acid cycle is DECREASED under which condition?
A) the concentration of NAD+ being high
B) the concentration of oxaloacetate being high
C) NADH being rapidly re-oxidized via the electron-transport chain
D) the mitochondrial ATP synthase being inactive
E) the concentration of both NAD+ and oxaloacetate being high

Answer 3

D) the mitochondrial ATP synthase being inactive

Question 4

Which molecule can reduce the proton gradient in mitochondria?
A) Pi-H+ symporter
B) ATP synthase
C) pyruvate translocase
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 4

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

The electron-transport chain and ATP synthase are effectively coupled. statement BEST describes how this occurs?
A) The electron-transport chain reoxidizes reduced cofactors.
B) The electron-transport chain generates an electrochemical gradient that provides energy for the production of ATP.
C) ATP synthase utilizes oxidized cofactors.
D) Through a series of conformational changes, ATP synthase generates ATP.

Answer 5

B) The electron-transport chain generates an electrochemical gradient that provides energy for the production of ATP.

Question 6

During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force (electrochemical gradient) that is generated by electron transport is used to:
A) create a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) generate the substrates (ADP and Pi) for ATP synthase.
C) drive transport processes essential to oxidative phosphorylation.
D) reduce NAD+ to NADH.
E) reduce O2 to H2O.

Answer 6

C) drive transport processes essential to oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 7

Coenzyme Q is a prosthetic group for which of the following complexes in the electron transport chain?
A) Complex I
B) Complex II
C) Complex III
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 7

E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 8

Which statement does NOT describe a difference between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes?
A) The outer mitochondrial membrane contains porins, whereas the inner
mitochondrial membrane does not.
B) The outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to large proteins (Mr > 10,000), whereas the inner mitochondrial membrane is not.
C) A pH gradient exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane but not the outer mitochondrial membrane.
D) The inner mitochondrial membrane contains a smaller percentage of lipid relative to protein compared with the outer mitochondrial membrane.
E) The outer mitochondrial membrane has a smaller surface area than the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Answer 8

B) The outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to large proteins (Mr > 10,000), whereas the inner mitochondrial membrane is not.

Question 9

What factor makes the outer mitochondrial membrane permeable to protons?
A) proton symports
B) proton antiports
C) porins
D) the presence of proton ionophores
E) the presence of negatively charged lipids

Answer 9

C) porins

Question 10

Which cofactor is MOST commonly involved as a cosubstrate in catabolic reactions where a metabolite is oxidized?
A) NAD+
B) FAD
C) NADPH
D) NADH
E) coenzyme Q

Answer 10

A) NAD+

Question 11

Which statement is FALSE regarding flavoproteins?
A) They may contain either FMN or FAD.
B) The reduction potential of the flavin will depend on the amino acids in the
polypeptide chain.
C) They will need at least two substrates in order to function as enzymes.
D) They are always integral membrane proteins.
E) Most flavoproteins in electron transport have a lower reduction potential than coenzyme Q.

Answer 11

D) They are always integral membrane proteins.

Question 12

Complex III contains which cofactor as a prosthetic group?
A) iron-sulfur clusters
B) FAD
C) FMN
D) coenzyme Q
E) copper

Answer 12

A) iron-sulfur clusters

Question 13

Which characteristic describes heme a but not heme c?
A) noncovalently associated prosthetic group
B) contains an isoprenoid structure
C) contains an aldehyde substituent on the porphyrin ring
D) contains two propionate substituents on the porphyrin ring
E) contains a vinyl substituent on the porphyrin ring

Answer 13

D) contains two propionate substituents on the porphyrin ring

Question 14

Which component of the electron-transport chain is NOT an integral membrane protein?
A) NADH dehydrogenase
B) cytochrome c
C) cytochrome oxidase
D) ubiquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
E) succinate dehydrogenase

Answer 14

B) cytochrome c

Question 15

Which protein associated with electron transport below is NOT a flavoprotein?
A) NADH dehydrogenase
B) mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
C) cytochrome oxidase
D) succinate dehydrogenase
E) acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Answer 15

C) cytochrome oxidase

Question 16

If a drug that specifically prevented the interaction of cytochrome c with other proteins was added to respiring mitochondria in a test tube, what effects would be observed?
A) ATP synthesis would immediately stop.
B) Oxygen consumption would increase.
C) Reduced cofactors (NADH/FADH2) would accumulate.
D) Coenzyme Q would become oxidized.
E) Proton export from the matrix would increase.

Answer 16

C) Reduced cofactors (NADH/FADH2) would accumulate.

Question 17

Which statement is FALSE concerning Complex III and the Q cycle?
A) Both Q and QH2 are substrates for Complex III.
B) Four protons are released on the P side of the membrane for every two electrons transferred to cytochrome c.
C) This protein contains both iron-sulfur clusters and heme as prosthetic groups.
D) Two protons from the matrix side are used to generate QH2 from the semiquinone radical.
E) Overall, in each cycle one cytochrome c is reduced for every QH2 oxidized (net).

Answer 17

E) Overall, in each cycle one cytochrome c is reduced for every QH2 oxidized (net).

Question 18

Which list shows the proteins in the CORRECT order from highest to lowest reduction potential?
A) acyl-CoA dehydrogenase → ETF:Q oxidoreductase → ETF
B) ETF → ETF:Q oxidoreductase → acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
C) ETF:Q oxidoreductase → acyl-CoA dehydrogenase → ETF
D) ETF:Q oxidoreductase → ETF → acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
E) ETF → acyl-CoA dehydrogenase → ETF:Q oxidoreductase

Answer 18

D) ETF:Q oxidoreductase → ETF → acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Question 19

What is the P:O ratio for electrons entering the electron-transport chain that originates from reoxidation of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?
A) greater than the P:O ratio for NADH reoxidation
B) approximately the same as the P:O ratio for NADH reoxidation
C) less than the P:O ratio for NADH reoxidation but more than the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidation
D) approximately the same as the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidation
E) less than the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidation

Answer 19

D) approximately the same as the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidation

Question 20

Which complex in the electron-transport chain contains copper ions?
A) Complex I
B) Complex II
C) Complex III
D) Complex IV
E) None of these complexes contains copper ions.

Answer 20

D) Complex IV

Question 21

Cytochrome c can be reduced directly by small molecules such as ascorbate (vitamin C). If ascorbate is added to an oxygenated solution containing purified cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase, what would you predict would occur?
A) ATP synthesis would occur.
B) Cytochrome c would become reduced and remain reduced.
C) Oxygen would be reduced to water.
D) Ascorbate would become more reduced.
E) No apparent change would be observed.

Answer 21

C) Oxygen would be reduced to water.

Question 22

What compound is a product of the reaction involving the superoxide free radical catalyzed by superoxide dismutase?
A) water
B) hydrogen peroxide
C) reduced glutathione
D) oxidized glutathione
E) NADPH

Answer 22

B) hydrogen peroxide

Question 23

In some organisms, an alternative oxidase will accept electrons from ubiquinol and reduce oxygen to water with no associated proton translocation. What would be a consequence of having this oxidase active?
A) decreased rate of NADH reoxidation
B) decreased P:O ratio
C) decreased rate of oxygen consumption
D) inhibition of oxidative pathways like the citric acid cycle
E) increased sensitivity to cyanide poisoning

Answer 23

B) decreased P:O ratio

Question 24

During the operation of the malate-aspartate shuttle, what process does NOT occur?
A) the net movement of reducing potential from the cytosol to the matrix
B) transfer of amino groups from glutamate to oxaloacetate in the cytosol
C) transport of two different amino acids through an antiport
D) simultaneous transport of malate and oxaloacetate through an antiport
E) reduction of oxaloacetate to malate in the cytosol

Answer 24

B) transfer of amino groups from glutamate to oxaloacetate in the cytosol

Question 25

Which statement is TRUE regarding the reduction potential of mitochondrial glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase?
A) It will be higher than those of both NADH and Complex III.
B) It will be lower than those of both NADH and Complex III.
C) It will be higher than that of NADH but lower than that of Complex III.
D) It will be lower than that of NADH but higher than that of Complex III.
E) No conclusion can be drawn regarding its reduction potential.

Answer 25

C) It will be higher than that of NADH but lower than that of Complex III.

Question 26

Which statement is FALSE regarding 2,4-dinitrophenol?
A) It is a proton carrier ionophore.
B) It may be either neutral or negatively charged.
C) It is soluble in the lipid core of membranes.
D) It requires a specific transporter to enter mitochondria.
E) It decreases ATP synthesis will increasing oxygen consumption.

Answer 26

D) It requires a specific transporter to enter mitochondria.

Question 27

What effect will an increasing the number of c subunits in ATP synthase have on the P:O ratio?
A) It will increase for both NADH and FADH2.
B) It will increase for NADH and decrease for FADH2.
C) It will decrease for NADH and increase for FADH2.
D) It will decrease for both NADH and FADH2.
E) It will remain unchanged for both NADH and FADH2.

Answer 27

D) It will decrease for both NADH and FADH2.

Question 28

Which statement is FALSE regarding ATP synthase?
A) The active site contains multiple positive charges that interact with the substrates.
B) The energy difference between bound substrate and bound product is close to zero.
C) As an enzyme, ATP synthase is classified as a hydrolase.
D) ATP synthase can be classified as a primary active transporter.
E) ADP binds more tightly to the active site than ATP.

Answer 28

E) ADP binds more tightly to the active site than ATP.

Question 29

Which statement is TRUE regarding the gamma (gamma) subunit of ATP synthase?
A) It contains mostly alpha-helical regular secondary structure.
B) It exists as a dimer in the F1 portion of ATP synthase.
C) It prevents the F1 portion from rotating relative to the FO portion.
D) It interacts with the a and b subunits of the FO portion.
E) It binds protons as part of the proton translocation process.

Answer 29

A) It contains mostly alpha-helical regular secondary structure.

Question 30

Which step is NOT part of the proton-translocation process in ATP synthase?
A) A negatively charged amino acid in each c subunit becomes neutral upon proton binding.
B) A positively charged amino acid in the a subunit forms an ion pair with a charged amino acid in a c subunit.
C) Deprotonated c subunits can interact only with the a subunit.
D) An arginine in the a subunit is reversibly protonated and deprotonated in each proton binding event.
E) Proton direction is determined by the relative concentrations of protons on either side of the membrane.

Answer 30

D) An arginine in the a subunit is reversibly protonated and deprotonated in each proton binding event.

Question 31

In which pairing are both transporters symports?
A) adenine nucleotide translocase and phosphate translocase
B) phosphate translocase and pyruvate translocase
C) pyruvate translocase and adenine nucleotide translocase
D) adenine nucleotide translocase and glutamate-aspartate transporter
E) glutamate-aspartate transporter and phosphate translocase

Answer 31

B) phosphate translocase and pyruvate translocase

Question 32

Which statement explains why the [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] ratio is relatively stable in a cell?
A) [ATP] is always relatively low.
B) ATP consumption is balanced by ATP synthase activity.
C) ATP is used to regulate protein kinases.
D) ATPases ensure that ATP concentration does not become too large.
E) Energy consumption is minimized to ensure ATP is not consumed.

Answer 32

B) ATP consumption is balanced by ATP synthase activity.

Question 33

Which statement does NOT describe the characteristics of the protein inhibitor IF1?
A) This protein is relatively small (<100 amino acids).
B) This protein has very little ordered structure at pH 7.0.
C) This protein will bind to the FO portion of ATP synthase.
D) This protein functions as a dimer when it is inhibiting ATP synthesis.
E) This protein inhibits ATP hydrolysis by ATP synthase.

Answer 33

C) This protein will bind to the FO portion of ATP synthase.

Question 34

What will NOT occur when 2,4-dinitrophenol (an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation) is added to actively respiring mitochondria?
A) The P:O ratio will increase.
B) The rate of NADH reoxidation at Complex I will increase.
C) The rate of oxidation of intermediates in the citric acid cycle will increase.
D) Proton export from the matrix will occur.
E) Heat will be released.

Answer 34

A) The P:O ratio will increase.

Question 35

What is the role of cytochrome c in apoptosis?
A) It acts as an allosteric effector for caspase-3.
B) It transports electrons from mitochondria to the cytosol.
C) It acts as a protease to activate various zymogens.
D) It forms a complex with other proteins to generate an apoptosome.
E) It activates pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Answer 35

D) It forms a complex with other proteins to generate an apoptosome.

Question 36

Which protein is NOT portion encoded in human mitochondrial DNA?
A) Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
B) Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
C) Complex III (ubiquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase)
D) cytochrome c
E) Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)

Answer 36

D) cytochrome c

Question 37

What mechanism accounts for mitochondrial inheritance in sexual reproduction in animals?
A) Male gametes do not contain mitochondria.
B) Mitochondria from male gametes do not enter the ovum.
C) Female mitochondria can outcompete male mitochondria.
D) Male mitochondria are degraded after fertilization.
E) Male and female mitochondria merge after fertilization to form hybrids.

Answer 37

D) Male mitochondria are degraded after fertilization.

Question 38

Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to:
A) acetyl-CoA.
B) carbon dioxide (CO2).
C) carbon monoxide and then to carbon dioxide.
D) water.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 38

D) water.

Question 39

Which of the following electron carriers is NOT able to transfer one electron at a time? A) NADH
B) FMN
C) FAD
D) ubiquinone E) heme

Answer 39

A) NADH

Question 40

A new compound isolated from mitochondria is claimed to represent a previously unrecognized carrier in the electron transfer chain. It is given the name coenzyme Z. Which line of evidence do you feel is the LEAST conclusive in assigning this compound a position in the electron transfer chain?
A) Alternate oxidation and reduction of the mitochondrion-bound coenzyme Z can be readily demonstrated.
B) Removal of coenzyme Z from the mitochondria results in a decreased rate of oxygen consumption.
C) The rate of oxidation and reduction of mitochondrion-bound coenzyme is of the same order of magnitude as the overall rate of electron transfer in mitochondria as measured by oxygen consumption.
D) The reduction potential of Z is between that of two compounds known to participate in the electron transport chain
E) When added to a mitochondrial suspension, coenzyme Z is taken up very rapidly and specifically by the mitochondria.

Answer 40

E) When added to a mitochondrial suspension, coenzyme Z is taken up very rapidly and specifically by the mitochondria.

Question 41

Antimycin A blocks electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1. If intact mitochondria were incubated with antimycin A, excess NADH, and an adequate supply of O2, which compound would be found in the oxidized state?
A) coenzyme Q
B) cytochrome a3
C) cytochrome b
D) cytochrome e
E) cytochrome f

Answer 41

B) cytochrome a3

Question 42

Reduced QH2 is NOT formed by which of the following?
A) Complex I and NADH
B) Complex II and succinate
C) Complex III and cytochrome c
D) fatty acid oxidation
E) oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate

Answer 42

C) Complex III and cytochrome c

Question 43

In the reoxidation of QH2 by purified ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III) from heart muscle, the overall stoichiometry of the reaction requires 2 mol of cytochrome c per mole of QH2 because:
A) cytochrome c is a one-electron acceptor, whereas QH2 is a two-electron donor.
B) cytochrome c is a two-electron acceptor, whereas QH2 is a one-electron donor.
C) cytochrome c is water-soluble and operates between the inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes
D) the heart muscle has a high rate of oxidative metabolism and therefore requires
twice as much cytochrome c as QH2 for electron transfer to proceed normally.
E) two molecules of cytochrome c must first combine physically before they are
catalytically active.

Answer 43

A) cytochrome c is a one-electron acceptor, whereas QH2 is a two-electron donor.

Question 44

Which statement is NOT a feature of Complex IV?
A) Cytochrome c is a one-electron donor.
B) Oxygen is a substrate.
C) Copper is an essential metal for the reaction.
D) For every electron passed to Complex IV, two protons are consumed from the matrix (N) side.
E) To generate two water molecules, Complex IV must go through the catalytic cycle two times.

Answer 44

E) To generate two water molecules, Complex IV must go through the catalytic cycle two times.

Question 45

Which statement is NOT true of the proton motive force (pmf)?
A) One component of the pmf is the chemical gradient of protons.
B) One component of the pmf is the charge gradient of protons.
C) Generation of the pmf in mitochondria requires succinate.
D) The pmf is generated by the electron transport chain in mitochondria.
E) The pmf drives ATP synthesis in mitochondria.

Answer 45

C) Generation of the pmf in mitochondria requires succinate.

Question 46

Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) are inhibitors of mitochondrial aerobic phosphorylation. Which statement CORRECTLY describes the mode of action of the three inhibitors?
A) Cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the respiratory chain, and oligomycin
inhibits the synthesis of ATP.
B) Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP.
C) Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol compete with O2 for cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV).
D) Oligomycin and cyanide inhibit the synthesis of ATP; 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibits the respiratory chain.
E) Oligomycin inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol prevent the synthesis of ATP.

Answer 46

B) Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP.

Question 47

If electron transfer in tightly coupled mitochondria is blocked (with antimycin A) between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, then:
A) all ATP synthesis will stop.
B) ATP synthesis will continue, but the P/O ratio will drop to one.
C) electron transfer from NADH will cease, but O2 uptake will continue.
D) electron transfer from succinate to O2 will continue unabated.
E) energy diverted from the cytochromes will be used to make ATP, and the P/O ratio will rise.

Answer 47

A) all ATP synthesis will stop.

Question 48

In normal mitochondria, the rate of NADH consumption (oxidation) will:
A) be increased in active muscle, decreased in inactive muscle.
B) be very low if the ATP synthase is inhibited, but increase when an uncoupler is added.
C) decrease if mitochondrial ADP is depleted.
D) decrease when cyanide is used to prevent electron transfer through the cytochrome a + a3 complex.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 48

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 49

Which statement about the chemiosmotic theory is CORRECT?
A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) It predicts that oxidative phosphorylation can occur, even in the absence of an intact inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) The effect of uncoupling reagents is a consequence of their ability to carry
electrons through membranes.
D) The membrane ATP synthase has no significant role in the chemiosmotic theory.
E) All of the statements are correct.

Answer 49

A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 50

Which statement about the chemiosmotic theory is FALSE?
A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) Energy is conserved as a transmembrane pH gradient.
C) Oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in membrane-free preparations.
D) The effect of uncoupling reagents is a consequence of their ability to carry protons through membranes.
E) The membrane ATPase, which plays an important role in other hypotheses for energy coupling, has no significant role in the chemiosmotic theory.

Answer 50

E) The membrane ATPase, which plays an important role in other hypotheses for energy coupling, has no significant role in the chemiosmotic theory.

Question 51

Upon the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to a suspension of mitochondria carrying out oxidative phosphorylation linked to the oxidation of malate, what does NOT occur?
A) Oxygen consumption decreases.
B) Oxygen consumption increases.
C) The P/O ratio drops from a value of approximately 2.5 to 0.
D) The proton gradient dissipates.
E) The rate of transport of electrons from NADH to O2 becomes maximal.

Answer 51

A) Oxygen consumption decreases

Question 52

Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation:
A) allows continued mitochondrial ATP formation but halts O2 consumption.
B) halts all mitochondrial metabolism.
C) halts mitochondrial ATP formation but allows continued O2 consumption.
D) slows down the citric acid cycle.
E) slows the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis.

Answer 52

C) halts mitochondrial ATP formation but allows continued O2 consumption.

Question 53

2,4-Dinitrophenol and oligomycin inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is an uncoupling agent; oligomycin blocks the ATP synthesis reaction
itself. Therefore, 2,4-dinitrophenol will:
A) allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
B) allow oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oligomycin.
C) block electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
D) diminish O2 consumption in the presence of oligomycin.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 53

A) allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.

Question 54

Which statement about energy conservation in the mitochondrion is FALSE?
A) Drugs that inhibit the ATP synthase will also inhibit the flow of electrons down the chain of carriers.
B) For oxidative phosphorylation to occur, it is essential to have a closed membranous structure with an inside and an outside.
C) The yield of ATP per mole of oxidizable substrate depends on the substrate.
D) Uncouplers (such as dinitrophenol) have exactly the same effect on electron
transfer as inhibitors such as cyanide; both block further electron transfer to
oxygen.
E) Uncouplers “short circuit” the proton gradient, thereby dissipating the proton motive force as heat.

Answer 54

D) Uncouplers (such as dinitrophenol) have exactly the same effect on electron
transfer as inhibitors such as cyanide; both block further electron transfer to
oxygen.

Question 55

Which statement is CORRECT concerning the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
A) It can synthesize ATP after it is extracted from broken mitochondria.
B) It catalyzes the formation of ATP even though the reaction has a large positive
G’°.
C) It consists of Fo and F1 subunits, which are transmembrane (integral) polypeptides.
D) It is actually an ATPase and only catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.
E) When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the G’° is actually close to zero.

Answer 55

E) When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the G’° is actually close to zero.

Question 56

When the G’° of the ATP synthesis reaction is measured on the surface of the ATP synthase enzyme, it is found to be close to zero. This is thought to be due to:
A) a very low energy of activation.
B) enzyme-induced oxygen exchange.
C) stabilization of ADP relative to ATP by enzyme binding.
D) stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 56

D) stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.

Question 57

The oxidation of a particular hydroxy substrate to a keto product by mitochondria has a P/O ratio of less than 2. The initial oxidation step is very likely directly coupled to the:
A) oxidation of a flavoprotein.
B) oxidation of a pyridine nucleotide.
C) reduction of a flavoprotein.
D) reduction of a pyridine nucleotide.
E) reduction of cytochrome a3.

Answer 57

C) reduction of a flavoprotein.

Question 58

The relative concentrations of ATP and ADP control the cellular rates of:
A) glycolysis.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) pyruvate oxidation.
D) the citric acid cycle.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 58

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

The rate of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is controlled primarily by:
A) feedback inhibition by CO2.
B) the availability of NADH from the TCA cycle.
C) the concentration of citrate (or) the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle.
D) the mass-action ratio of the ATD-ADP system.
E) the presence of thermogenin.

Answer 59

D) the mass-action ratio of the ATD-ADP system.

Question 60

Which factor is NOT controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1)?
A) glucose transport
B) glycolysis
C) citric acid cycle
D) Complex I of the respiratory chain
E) Complex IV of the respiratory chain

Answer 60

D) Complex I of the respiratory chain

Question 61

Mammals produce heat by using which endogenous uncoupling agent?
A) the small molecule 2-4-dinitrophenol synthesized by the cell
B) the protein thermogenin
C) the protein thioredoxin
D) the protein cytochrome c
E) a modified form of the FoF1 ATPase

Answer 61

B) the protein thermogenin

Question 62

Which phrase BEST describes the role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
A) escape of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm
B) increased rate of fatty acid beta oxidation
C) an increase in permeability of the outer membrane
D) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
E) both escape of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and an increase in permeability of the outer membrane

Answer 62

E) both escape of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and an increase in permeability of the outer membrane

Question 63

Mutations in mitochondrial genes do NOT play a role in:
A) adult-onset diabetes.
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
D) Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
E) myoclonic epilepsy.

Answer 63

B) cystic fibrosis.

Question 64

Which statement about human mitochondria is TRUE?
A) About 900 mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.
B) Mitochondrial genes are inherited from both maternal and paternal sources.
C) rRNA and tRNA are imported from the cytoplasm and used in mitochondrial
protein synthesis.
D) The mitochondrial genome codes for all proteins are found in mitochondria.
E) The mitochondrial genome is not subject to mutations.

Answer 64

A) About 900 mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.