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FM1030 Biochemistry > Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

Where are electrons from reduced fuels transferred to?

A

NADH
FADH2

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2
Q

What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex do?

A

Converts to pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

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3
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase found?

A

In the matrix

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4
Q

What is found on the inner membrane?

A

Respiratory electron carriers (Complexes I - IV)
ATP synthase

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5
Q

What is needed for ATP synthesis?

A

Proton gradient

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6
Q

Explain the chemiosmotic theory.

A

Reduced substrate donates an electron
Electron carriers pump protons out as electrons flow towards O2
Energy of electron flow is stored as electrochemical potential
ATP synthase uses electrochemical potential to synthesise ATP

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7
Q

What name is given to complex I?

A

NADH hydrogenase

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8
Q

What name is given to complex II?

A

Succinate hydrogenase

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9
Q

What name is given to complex III?

A

Cytochrome c oxidoreductase

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10
Q

What name is given to complex IV?

A

Cytochrome oxidase

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11
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

Iron coordinating porphyrin ring derivatives

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12
Q

How many electrons does cytochrome carry?

A

1 electron

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13
Q

What are Iron-sulfur centres coordinated by?

A

Cysteine in proteins

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14
Q

What does ubiquinone donate to ubiquinol?

A

2 electrons and 2 protons

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15
Q

What is the role of ubiquinol?

A

Carries electrons with protons across the membrane

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16
Q

What is ubiquinone?

A

Electron transporter from Complex I and Complex II to Complex III

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17
Q

What is the cofactor that enters Complex I?

A

NADH

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18
Q

What accepts electrons from NADH and how many?

A

FMN accepts 2 electrons

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19
Q

How do electrons reach the ubiquinone binding site?

A

By passing one at a time to iron-sulfur centres

20
Q

What complexes are proton pumps in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH hydrogenase
Cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Cytochrome oxidase

21
Q

How many electrons are carried by ubiquinone to complex III?

A

2

22
Q

How many protons are pumped into the intermembrane space by Complex I per NADH?

A

4 protons

23
Q

What does ubiquinone become once reduced?

A

QH2

24
Q

What is the role of succinate hydrogenase in the electron transport chain?

A

Capture and donate electrons

25
Q

What enters Complex II, carrying electrons?

A

FADH2

26
Q

How many Fe-S centres are in succinate hydrogenase?

A

3

27
Q

What do the 2 electrons carried by Coenzyme Q do?

A

Reduce 2 molecules of cytochrome c

28
Q

Do both electrons directly enter complex III from ubiquinone?

A

No, one enter and one is recycled and may enter later

29
Q

How many electrons may cytochrome c carry?

A

1

30
Q

How many protons are pumped per 2 electrons that reach cytochrome c?

A

4

31
Q

What does ubiquinone move through?

A

The membrane

32
Q

What does cytochrome c move through?

A

The intermembrane space

33
Q

What cellular process is regulated by cytochrome c?

A

Apoptosis

34
Q

What does cytochrome oxidase contain molecularly?

A

2 haeme groups - a and a3
Cu ions

35
Q

What does Cu a do in complex IV?

A

2 ions that accept electrons from cytochrome c

36
Q

What does Cu b do in Complex IV?

A

Its bonded to haeme a3, forming binuclear centre that transfers 4 electrons to oxygen

37
Q

How many subunits does complex IV have?

A

13

38
Q

What are the 4 electrons passed into Complex IV used for?

A

Reduces oxygen into 2 water molecules

39
Q

What happens during the process involving 4 electrons in Complex IV?

A

4 protons are picked up from the matrix used to form the water as well as moving into intermembrane space

40
Q

What is the equation from complex I to complex IV?

A

NADH + 11H+ + 1/2O2 -> NAD+ + 10H+ + H2O

41
Q

What is the equation from complex II to complex IV?

A

FADH2 + 6H+ + 1/2 O2 -> FAD + 6H+ + H2O

42
Q

How did the proteins create the Proton-Motive Force?

A

Actively transporting protons across the membrane (I & IV)
Chemically removing protons from the matrix (reduction of QH2 and O2)
Releasing protons into the intermembrane space (oxidation of QH2)

43
Q

What does the proton-motive force do?

A

Drive ATP synthesis

44
Q

What does proton translocation cause?

A

Rotation of Fo subunit and central shaft gamma

45
Q

What does the rotation of the Fo subunit in ATP synthase do?

A

Promotes the condensation of ADP and Pi into ATP

46
Q

What uncouples ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain to generate heat in hibernating animals and babies?

A

Uncoupling protein 1

FM1030 Biochemistry (4 decks)

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