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Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

what is poor oxygenation?

A

a decreased oxygen level in the blood

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2
Q

oxygen saturation

A

can be used to asses oxygen level

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3
Q

SpO2

A

measure of how saturated hemoglobin are with oxygen (pressure of O2 in blood)
95%-100%

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4
Q

hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen in blood

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5
Q

reasons O2 is low

A

low on blood
blockage in blood flow
blockage in airway
anything that decreases blood or ways to get oxygen to blood

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6
Q

signs/symptoms of poor oxygenation

A

restlessness/confusion: not good oxygenation to brain
decreased blood pressure: low BP
cool extremities
pallor (pale) or cyanosis (blue) of extremities
slow capillary refill

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7
Q

tissue ischemia and cell death

A

when oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet metabolic demands of the body
tissues starving for oxygen

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8
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen in your tissues
when your blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen to the tissues to meet the body’s needs
can be difficult to measure
we can assume that a patient with hypoxemia for an extended amount of time has this

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9
Q

lung disease

A

the lungs have a large surface area that is constantly exposed to the external environment
lung disease is greatly influenced by what a patient is exposed to
-environmental: ex. dust, coal, mining, chemicals
-occupational: ex. painter
-personal: ex. smokers
-social

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10
Q

celia

A

moves things around, coughing is the celia trying to remove particles

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11
Q

pulmonary disease

A

are often classified as chronic, obstructive or restrictive, infectious or noninfectious and is caused by alterations in the lungs or heart

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12
Q

acute pulmonary disease

A

bronchitis

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13
Q

chronic pulmonary disease

A

asthma

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14
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): something that keeps lungs from fully expanding

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15
Q

restrictive pulmonary disease

A

pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of lung), sarcoidosis (clusters of scarring)

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16
Q

infectious pulmonary disease

A

pneumonia: most common lung infection; fluid on the lungs

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17
Q

noninfectious pulmonary disease

A

asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis

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18
Q

clinical manifestations of respiratory alterations

A

cough- acute or chronic
dyspnea- shortness of breath, feeling of inability to get a good breath
chest pain- not good blood flow to heart
abnormal sputum: different colors than normal
hemoptysis- coughing up blood
altered breathing patterns- tachypnea (fast), bradypnea (slow), use of accessory muscles (muscles around clavicle and intercostals)
cyanosis- bluish discoloration of skin and mucus membranes (lighter can see it on skin, darker look at mucous membrane)
fever

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19
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea when laying down
patients can breathe better when propped up slightly
people with chronic lung disorders may sleep better sitting up in a recliner

20
Q

clubbing

A

often occurs in heart and lung diseases that reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood
happens in a person who has continuously low levels of oxygen
distorted angle of nail bed

21
Q

hypoxemia

A

low level of oxygen in the blood

22
Q

symptoms of hypoxia

A

Early
R- restlessness
A-anxiety
T- tachycardia/tachypnea
Late
B- bradycardia
E- extreme restlessness
D- dyspnea (severe)

23
Q

ventilation

A

movement of chest and the process of breathing in or out

24
Q

respiratory depression

A

decreased respiratory rate

25
hypoventilation
breathing top shallow or too slow to meet the body's needs for oxygen holding onto CO2 and CO2 levels are high, leads to hypercapnia -sleep, sedative, illness, and chest pain
26
hyperventilation
breathing that is too rapid or too deep breathing exceeds the body's metabolic demands blowing too much CO2 causes hypocapnia -anxiety, exercise
27
atelectasis
collapsed air sacs (alveoli) shuts off oxygen exchange Prevention- -early ambulation: even if short of breath -turn, cough (force air into airsacs) , deep breath -incentive spirometry
28
aspiration
passage of gastric contents (fluid or solid) into the lungs: things that are supposed to go to GI tract go into lungs can cause aspiration pneumonia prevention -assess patients ability to swallow -keep head of bed elevated with tube feedings -thorough lung assessment: lung complications can creep up fast -eating or tube feeding raise head of bed at least 30 degrees
29
assessment of respiratory system
respiratory rate: 12-20 use of accessory muscles cyanosis oxygen saturation adventitious (abnormal) breath sounds (crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, stridor, or rubs): anything that does not sound normal clubbing dyspnea with activity
30
chest x-ray
normal: black spaces show air and are good any white is congestion or fluid
31
CT scan
horizontal view of lungs
32
MRI
much clearer than a CT scan have to be careful about metals in and on the body
33
bronchoscopy
can detect obstruction, abnormality, and can also remove something to be biopsied used to check the airways for any abnormalities
34
thoracentesis
pulls off fluid, relieves patient, and is able to be used for testing pulls out fluid with syringe
35
Interventions prior to oxygen use
promotion of lung expansion -position change frequently -keep upright -increase daily activities; ensure adequate hydration: hydration helps with sputum (lack of hydration leads to thicker sputum that is harder to clear) -coughing exercises -deep breathing
36
albuterol (proair)
bronchiodialator rescue inhaler for acute difficulty breathing (asthma, COPD): used PRN Beta 2 agonist (SABAs) short-acting beta agonist (beta cells: fight or flight- turns up and causes things to move fast) 2 puffs every 4-6 hrs PRN -common reactions: nervousness, tachycardia (high heart rate), headache, and throat irritation
37
Symbicort (budesonide/formetrero inhaled)
scheduled med corticosteroid/bronchodilator beta 2 agonist (LABA) long-acting beta agonist 2 puffs per day -common reactions: tachycardia, nervousness, palpitations, oral candidiasis ** rinse mouth and spit out after inhalation: when giving an oral steroid by inhalation- steroids increase sugar, which causes increased risk of oral yeast infection
38
fraction of inspired oxygen FIO2
percent of oxygen a person is inhaling at any point in time room air FIO2 is 21% with supplemental O2, FIO2 can reach 100%
39
nasal canula
what you want to start patient on can deliver up to 6L/min of O2 (usually no more than 4) -FIO2 24%-44% advantages -safe and simple -increased mobility disadvantages -dries membranes (higher rate of O2 causes higher likelihood of dry out) (can use humidifier to decrease dry out) ; skin breakdown
40
non-breather mask
face mask with reservoir bag has one way valves that open during expiration and close during inhalation to prevent decrease in FIO2 or build up of CO2 step before intubation delivers higher concentrations of oxygen treat hypoxia decreases the workload of breathing FIO2 of 60%-100% at 10-15L for 100%
41
venturi mask/venturi mask valves
advantages: -controls exact concentration of O2 -delivers FIO2 of 24%-60% at flow rates from 4-12L/min typically used for mouth breathers disadvantages: -hot and confining -interferes with eating and talking - commonly used for COPD patients
42
face tent
advantages -delivers 28%-100% with flow rate of 8-12L/min -alternative for claustrophobia disadvantages -difficult to control concentration of oxygen
43
factors that alter accuracy of pulse ox
physical -motion/incorrect placement -BP monitoring device -bright lights, polish, or acrylics physiological -poor arterial flow or edema -cold hands; poor capillary filling -anemia if not working properly: change finger/location, or warm area
44
incentive spirometry (IS)
purpose: (forces air sacs open) -helps prevent post-op pulmonary complications (atelectasis) -provides voluntary deep breathing -gives visual feedback technique -explaining procedure -positioning frequency: 10 breaths every 2 hours
45
oxygen toxicity
can develop when a person breathes 100% O2 for <12 hours signs/symptoms -pallor, sweating, nausea and vomiting -seizures, vertigo, muscle twitching -hallucinations, visual changes, anxiety -chest pain dyspnea

Vital Signs (3 decks)

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