Oxygenation

Question 1

Orthopnea

Answer 1

SOB only while laying flat

Question 2

Hypercapnia

Answer 2

Excess CO2 in blood (common inCOPD)

Question 3

Hemoptysis

Answer 3

Coughing up blood

Question 4

Cyanosis

Answer 4

Blue/grey skin, lips, eyes, nails

Question 5

Anoxia

Answer 5

No O2 in a tissue

Question 6

Dyspnea

Answer 6

SOB

Question 7

Apnea

Answer 7

No breathing

Question 8

Hypoxia

Answer 8

Low O2 in tissues

Question 9

Hypoxemia

Answer 9

Low o2 in blood

Question 10

Ischemia

Answer 10

Low blood flow

Question 11

Oxygenation vs ventilation

Answer 11

Ox: gas exchange in alveoli
V: flow of breath in and out

Question 12

Retractions

Answer 12

Chest sinks when inhaling
Intercostal
Under neck
Under ribs

Question 13

How does co2 move from blood to alveoli?

Answer 13

Carried as bicarbonate in blood, then turns to carbonic acid at alveoli, turns to H2o and co2

Question 14

How does breathing get signaled?

Answer 14

ANS: brain senses co2 levels in blood, sends signal to diaphragm

Question 15

Atelectasis

Answer 15

Collapsed alveoli

Question 16

Adult respiratory rate

Answer 16

12-20/min

Question 17

Lung compliance

Answer 17

The ease that the lungs can be inflated

Question 18

Why would breathing stop?
What intervention?

Answer 18

Neurological dis function (spinal chord injury, overdose)
1. Semi-fowlers
2. Bag mask

Question 19

What resp. rate would you use a bag mask?

Answer 19

6-8/min maybe if o2 low
0-5/min yes

Question 20

Tachypnea

Answer 20

Fast breathing

Question 21

When to give o2?

Answer 21

<90
90-95 watch carefully

Question 22

ABG

Answer 22

Arterial blood gas
-tells o2 and co2 in blood
-tells oxygenation and ventilation
-Invasive

Question 23

Respiratory: Non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 23

Air pollution (SDOH)
Allergies
…

Question 24

Respiratory: Modifiable risk factors

Answer 24

Chronic diseases
Overdose
Seizure, stroke
Injury
Intubation
Alcohol/smoking

Question 25

What causes wheezing?

Answer 25

Narrow LOWER airways

Question 26

What causes stridor? Characteristics?

Answer 26

Narrow UPPER airway (trachea) Usually in children Always looks distressed Can hear w/out stethoscope, during inhalation

Question 27

#1 & #2 resp. red-flag

Answer 27

1. Apnea! 2. Stridor sounds (ABC)

Question 28

What causes crackles?

Answer 28

Fluid in the lungs

Question 29

Bronchiovesicular breath sounds

Answer 29

Normal!

Question 30

What causes grunting in newborns?

Answer 30

Straining to pop alveoli open

Question 31

Nasal flaring

Answer 31

Babies trying to open airways (obligate nose breathers)

Question 32

Respiratory: #1 & #2 diagnostic tests

Answer 32

1. Chest x-ray 2. ABG - shows both oxygenation & ventilation

Question 33

Resp. radiology tests

Answer 33

Chest x-ray CT- clot VQ scan - clot (ventilation & perfusion in lungs) PET - cell activity (gas exchange), often for cancer

Question 34

Sputum exam

Answer 34

Finds right antibiotic Too invasive for pneumonia

Question 35

Clinical Managment pst

Answer 35

Prevention Screening Treatment

Question 36

What education can patients receive?

Answer 36

Incentive spirometry (for shallow breaths) Pursed-lip breathing (alveoli trapped air) Cough and deep breaths (increases surfactant) Only if stable

Question 37

What 02 sat matches to intervention?

Answer 37

95+ document/monitor 90-95 intense assessment 85-90 nasal cannula 2-6L 80-85 venturi mask 4-6/ simple 8-12L <80 non-rebreather 10-15L

Question 38

What can happen if non-rebreather is <10L?

Answer 38

Will re breathe their own co2

Question 39

When to use humidified o2?

Answer 39

Kids >6L adults (won’t be tested in this) except when using nasal cannula

Question 40

Newborn resp. rate

Answer 40

30-60/min

Question 41

Orientation level aspects

Answer 41

Person Place Time Event

Question 42

Saturation probe

Answer 42

Same as pulse oximeter

Question 43

Effects of old age on resp?

Answer 43

Lower alveoli SA Low immune system Weaker muscles Stiff chest wall & less elastic recoil

Question 44

What device should use use to give 16L+ o2?

Answer 44

High-flow nasal cannula (~20-60L)

Question 45

What are the 2 airway sounds/signs that show an upper airway concern?

Answer 45

Nasal flaring & Stridor