Oxygenation Needs: Physiology

Question 1

<p>

| What is the upper airway composed of?</p>

Answer 1

<p style="text-align: center;">
	Nose</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Pharynx</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Larynx</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Epiglottis</p>

Question 2

<p>

| What is the upper airways main function?</p>

Answer 2

<p>

| Warm, fliter, and humidify inspired air.</p>

Question 3

<p>

| What is the lower airway composed of?</p>

Answer 3

<p style="text-align: center;">
	Trachea</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Right and left main stem bronchi</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Segmental bronchi</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Terminal Bronchioles</p>

Question 4

<p>

| What is the lower airway&#39;s main function?</p>

Answer 4

<p style="text-align: center;">
	Conduction of air</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Mucocilliary clearance</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Production of pulmonary surfactant</p>

Question 5

What is the function of cilia?

Answer 5

To propel trapped material and accompanying mucus toward the upper airway so they can be removed by coughing.

Question 6

What is required for the production of watery mucus and ciliary action?

Answer 6

Adequate fluid intake.

Question 7

What are alveoli and where are they?

Answer 7

Small air saces at the end of the terminal bronchioles.

Question 8

Alveoli are the site of…

Answer 8

Gas exchange.

Question 9

What does surfactant do?

Answer 9

Reduces the surface tension between the moist membranes of the alveoli preventing their collapse.

Question 10

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 10

The movement of air into and out of lungs.

Question 11

What is respiration?

Answer 11

Involves gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alvoli and blood in the capillaries.

Question 12

What is perfusion?

Answer 12

The process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues.

Question 13

What are two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 13

Inspiration

Expiration

Question 14

What is inspiration?

Answer 14

The active phase.

Involves movement of muscles and the thorax to bring air into the lungs.

Question 15

What is expiration?

Answer 15

The passive phase.

The movement of air out of the lungs.

Question 16

What is the air pressure equivalent to immediately before inspiration?

Answer 16

The surrounding atmospheric pressure.

Question 17

The pressure within the lungs ____ as the volume of the lungs ____.

Answer 17

Decreases, increases.

Question 18

What physical factors contribute to airflow in and out of the lungs?

Answer 18

Musculature compliance of lung tissue

Airway resistance

Question 19

The accessory muscles of the ___, ____, and ____ are used to maintain respiratory movements at times when breathing is difficult.

Answer 19

abdomen, neck, and back

Question 20

What is lung compliance?

Answer 20

The ease with which the lungs can be inflated.

Question 21

The compliance of lung tissue affects ______.

Answer 21

Lung volume.

Question 22

What is emphysema?

Answer 22

A chronic lung condition that results in decreased elasticity of lung tissue, which, in turn, decreases compliance,

Question 23

What is airway resistance?

Answer 23

The result of any impediment or obstruction that air meets as it moves through the airway.

Question 24

Where does respiration occur?

Answer 24

The terminal alveolar capillary system.

Question 25

What is diffusion?

Answer 25

The movement of gas or particles from areas of higher pressure or concentration to areas of higher pressure or concentration ot areas of lower presure or concentration.

Question 26

What is diffusion in the lungs influenced by?

Answer 26

Change in surface area available Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane Parital pressure Solunility and molecular weight of the gas

Question 27

What is atelectasis?

Answer 27

Incomplete lung expansion or the collapse of alveoli that prevents pressure changes and the exchange of gas by diffusion in the lungs.

Question 28

What are two diseases that can thicken the alveolar-capillary membrane?

Answer 28

Pneumonia Pulmonary edema.

Question 29

What is partial pressure?

Answer 29

Pressure resulting from any gas in a mixture depending on its concentration.

Question 30

_____ has greater solubility in the respiratory membrans and diffuses more rapidly than ___.

Answer 30

Carbon dioxide, oxygen.

Question 31

The amount of blood present in any given area of lung tissure partially depends on whether the person is...

Answer 31

Sitting, standing, or laying down.

Question 32

Greater activity results in an ____ need for cellular oxygen by the body's tissues and a subsequent ____ in cardiac output and consequently an _____ blood return to the lungs.

Answer 32

Increase, increase, increase.

Question 33

What is hypoxia?

Answer 33

A condition in which an inadequate amount of oxygen is available to cells.

Question 34

What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer 34

Dyspnea Elevated BP with a small pulse pressure Increased respiratory and pulse rates Pallor Cyanosis

Question 35

Hypozia is often caused by what?

Answer 35

Hypoventilation

Question 36

What is hypoventilation?

Answer 36

Decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs.

Question 37

How does stimulation of the medulla affect respiration?

Answer 37

Increases the rate and depth of ventilation to blow off carbon dioxide and hydrogen and increase oxygen levels. The patient breathes faster and more deeply.

Question 38

What are atria and what do they do?

Answer 38

Upper chambers of the heart. Receive blood from the veins.

Question 39

What are ventricles and what do they do?

Answer 39

Lower chambers of the heart. Force blood out of the heart through the arteries.

Question 40

Regular exercise contributes to...

Answer 40

More effective pumping of the heart muscle Improved oxygen transport to cells