Ozone uptake and distribution Flashcards
(14 cards)
What is the OZONE LIPID PEROXIDATION reaction?
In the hydrophilic plasma environment, one mole of an unsaturated olefin (particularly arachidonic acid transported by albumin or present in plasma triglycerides and chylomicrons) and one mole of ozone give rise to two moles of aldehydes and one mole of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
1 mole olefin + 1 mole O3 = 2 moles aldehydes + 1 mole H2O2
olefin = alkene = unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond
*** polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
PEROXIDATION
Peroxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs when unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized by reactive oxygen forms. This process can lead to the formation of peroxides and hydroperoxides. [1]
How does peroxidation occur? [2, 3]
• Peroxidation is a chain reaction that can occur in the body when stimulated by infections or toxins [2, 3]
• It can damage cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids [4]
• It can contribute to a number of human health conditions, including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and other brain-related oxidative damage [5, 6]
How can peroxidation be prevented or reduced? [7, 8]
• Inhibiting the enzymes that synthesize peroxides
• Reducing the peroxide or radical intermediate to a less harmful compound
• Using antioxidants, such as vitamin E
What are the products of peroxidation? [2]
• Lipid peroxides, which are lipid molecules that contain one or more O–O bonds [2]
• MDA and HNE, which can modify proteins and alter their functions [6]
• Acrolein, which can promote the formation of protein adducts and neuronal damage [6]
What are the consequences of peroxidation? [4, 6]
• Peroxidation can contribute to cell death
• It can interfere with the synthesis of DNA and RNA
• It can alter cell metabolism and signaling
Generative AI is experimental.
[1]https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/peroxidation[2]https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/lipid-peroxidation[3]https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/peroxidation[4]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-024-07244-x[5]https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr1628[6]https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/lipid-peroxidation[7]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X16317715[8]https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3834518/
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arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with 20 carbons and four double bonds. It’s a natural component of human and animal fat, liver, brain, and glandular organs. AA plays a vital role in cellular function and structure. It’s incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids and contributes to their flexibility. AA is a precursor to bioactive lipid mediators like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.
olefin
An olefin structure is a hydrocarbon molecule containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, meaning two carbon atoms are linked by a double bond instead of a single bond, with the general chemical formula CnH2n for acyclic olefins (where “n” represents the number of carbon atoms). [1, 2, 3]
Key points about olefin structure: [1, 2, 3]
• Double bond: The defining feature of an olefin is the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond, which consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond between the carbon atoms. [1, 2, 3]
• Planar geometry: Due to the sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms involved in the double bond, the structure around each carbon in an olefin is typically planar with bond angles close to 120 degrees. [3, 4, 5]
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Olefins are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons because of the presence of the double bond, making them more reactive compared to saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes). [2, 3, 5]
Examples of olefins: [2, 3, 6]
• Ethylene (C2H4): The simplest olefin, with one carbon-carbon double bond. [2, 3, 6]
• Propylene (C3H6): Contains one double bond and is a common building block for polymers. [2, 6, 7]
• Butadiene (C4H6): A diene, meaning it has two double bonds. [2, 6, 8]
Generative AI is experimental.
[1]https://www.britannica.com/science/olefin[2]https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/olefin[3]https://chandra-asri.com/en/blog/what-is-olefin[4]https://testbook.com/chemistry/olefins[5]https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/organic-chem/olefin[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefin[7]https://plasmonics.tech/resources/what-are-olefins/[8]https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/atoms-and-molecules/olefin-definition-and-formula/
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owing to its high solubility and depending upon its relative pressure, ozone dissolves into the water but, unlike oxygen, _____ ____ ___________ with the ozone remaining in the gas phase.
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Locations 850-852). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
owing to its high solubility and depending upon its relative pressure, ozone dissolves into the water but, unlike oxygen, DOES NOT EQUILIBRATE with the ozone remaining in the gas phase.
Ozone, being a potent oxidant, _____ ________ with a number of ions and biomolecules present in biological fluids, namely
- _______
- _______
- _________ and, preferentially,
- ____ _____ ______ _____ _____ ______.
In fact, _______ and ________ present either in ___ _______ or/ and _________ are shielded by _________ and _______ molecules
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Locations 853-855). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
Ozone, being a potent oxidant, REACTS IMMEDIATELY with a number of ions and biomolecules present in biological fluids, namely
- antioxidants
- proteins
- carbohydrates and, preferentially,
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) bound to albumin.
In fact, phospholipids and cholesterol present either in cell membranes or/ and lipoproteins are shielded by antioxidants and albumin molecules
some of the ozone dose is unavoidably consumed during oxidation of ascorbic and uric acids, sulphydryl (SH)-groups of GSH, proteins and glycoproteins present in the water of plasma.
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Locations 857-858). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
These reactions, completed within seconds, use up the total dose of ozone that generates ___________ and a variety of ___________ known as _______________
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Locations 861-862). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
These reactions, completed within seconds, use up the total dose of ozone that generates hydrogen peroxide, and a variety of aldehydes known as LIPID OXIDATION PRODUCTS (LOPs).
ozone, at therapeutic concentrations, ______ reach the _________ bilayer constituting the erythrocyte membrane well shielded by ______ ________.
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Locations 864-865). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
ozone, at therapeutic concentrations, cannot reach the phospholipid bilayer constituting the erythrocyte membrane well shielded by albumin molecules.
From Now on, Ozone Is Exhausted and Only ROS (Mostly Hydrogen Peroxide) and LOPs Are Responsible for the Successive and Multiple Biochemical Reactions Happening in Different Cells All Over the Body
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Locations 874-876). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
some of ozone dose is neutralized by the __________ present in plasma and only the reaction with ____________ is responsible for the biological and therapeutic effects.
Bocci, Velio. OZONE (Kindle Location 877). Springer Netherlands. Kindle Edition.
some of ozone dose is neutralized by the antioxidants present in plasma and only the reaction with PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) is responsible for the biological and therapeutic effects.
What are the main reactive byproducts of ozone metabolism?
- hydrogen peroxide,
- variety of aldehydes known as LIPID OXIDATION PRODUCTS (LOPs)
What do the byproducts of ozone reactions in the plasma primarily interact with?
the reaction with PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) is responsible for the biological and therapeutic effects.
Effect of ozone concentration
It has been suggested that the diverse effects of ozone are dependent on the concentration, or relative strength of the preparation. At “high” concentrations (30-70 µg O3/ml O2), it caused alterations and destruction of tissue structures. At medium concentrations (20-30 µg O3/ml O2) it appeared to affect the regulation of the immune system while at low concentrations (<20 µg O3/ml O2) it appeared to improve microcirculation
