p 1&2 Flashcards
(43 cards)
Autonomy
to have self-government or independence. Native Americans and Africans sought to preserve autonomy in the face of contact with Europeans.
Subjugation
to take control of a person or group of people by force. Native Americans and Africans were subjugated by Europeans, often in the form of slavery.
Maize
corn, grown in present-day Mexico and spread to the Southwest portion of the present-day United States. Native Americans built societies around maize. Once it was introduced to Europe (Columbian Exchange), it helped lead to a drastic increase in population.
Columbian Exchange
Spread of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Encomienda System
Spanish system of granting land to colonists in the New World. This system exploited Native Americans and resources. Eventually, Native American labor was replaced with African slave labor.
Great Plains/Great Basin:
Predominantly lead by hunting. This was because of the lack of natural resources.
Southwest:
: Entire civilizations were built around corn cultivation.
Northeast:
Mix of agriculture and hunting. Adapted to their environments.
What technological improvements allowed for European Exploration?
The technology that helped the Europeans improve in exploration included the sextant which helped to determine longitude and latitude. The creation of joint stock companies where spectifi people would pool their money into one company and profit was split. The three g’s were a main reason for exploration.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This was the exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe, Africia, and the Amerciaias.
What impact did the Exchange have on Europe?
On Europe, the impact of the exchange included an increase of food including corn and potatoes. Along with food, a shift from feudalism and capitalism happened in europe as a consequence of the exchange.
What impact did the Exchange have on Natives?
Upon Natives, the exchange provided disease that killed mass amounts of natives. Because they were not immune, 90% of these people died from contact with these diseases such as measles. Along with this, the exchange of horses and guns changed the lifestyle of the natives, making hunting and warfare easier.
What impact did the Exchange have on Africans?
Increase in slave trade from western aftricia impacred these popele as thery were sold as proporty and utiulized for forced and renuable labor.
How did the Encomienda System impact Natives
Part of the encomienda system was to christianize natives. In this, these natives were forced into slavery or goving tribute to the spanish. Many were treated harshly and forced to do heavy manual labor.
What replaced the Encomienda System?
` After the utilization of natives in the encomienda system came to an end, the spanish sought words using enslaved african forced labor.
How did Europeans often view Natives?
Many people looked at these people as less. In this, they believed in white superiority, religious reasons granting them power over the natives, and the thought that these groups were uncivilized.
In what ways did Africans preserve autonomy in the Western Hemisphere?
Natives preserved autonomy in the ways of attempting to keep their way of life and government while also living in this world with europeans. Africans also did the same thing. In this, they combine christiniaity with african religions and rituals. They also formed maroon communities which were communities set up with runaway slaves.
Characteristics of Spanish colonization
focused on converting Natives and gaining wealth through tight control over colonies. (Think 3 Gs - period #1)
Characteristics of French and Dutch colonization
fewer inhabitants than other countries. The French and Dutch focused on trade (especially fur), alliances, and intermarriage with Native Americans.
Characteristics of English colonization
colonies were based on agriculture. English colonies saw a large number of men AND women inhabit the colonies. The English had relatively hostile relations with Native Americans.
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt in the late 17th century in present-day New Mexico against the Spanish. The Spanish were expelled for over 10 years. Once they regained control, the Spanish began to take a more accommodating approach to Natives and allowed some religious accommodation.
The Enlightenment
Time period that focused on reason and knowledge and promoted new ideas about government (natural rights, consent of the governed, separation of powers). These ideas helped influence the American Revolution.
Mercantilism
Economic policy that focuses on making money for the mother country. This policy favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver.
Anglicization
Process of colonies becoming and acting British. This was influenced by print culture (newspapers and writings) and communities based on English models.
