P Flashcards
(35 cards)
Henry Ford
By 1910 he dominated the car market. He used the moving assembly line to reduce costs and raise wages.
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Frederick Winslow Taylor
Created “Taylorism,” which was a way to speed up production through the subdivision of tasks. It was controversial because it replaced skilled labor with unskilled labor and made employees interchangeable and therefore easier to replace.
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Andrew Carnegie
Immigrant who dominated the steel industry. Born in Scotland, emigrated with poor parents, true rags to riches story.
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John D. Rockefeller
Started Standard Oil, most celebrated corporate empire of the 19th century. Believed riches were a reward from God for his worthiness.
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J. P. Morgan
Influential banker who perfected the trust, a type of monopoly. Bought Carnegie’s steel corporation and combined it with others to create United States Steel Corporation.
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Knights of Labor
First national labor organization, although local labor groups existed well before it. It was open to all who toiled, including women.
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American Federation of Labor
It soon became the most important and enduring labor organization in the US. Rejected Knights idea of trying to organize everyone and focused mostly on skilled workers.
Example sentence: The American Federation of Labor was founded in 1886.
Samuel Gompers
Powerful leader of AFL. Accepted the basic premises of capitalism; he simply wanted workers to gain a bigger share of capitalism’s rewards.
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Eugene Debs
Influential socialist who led the militant American Railway Union. Was part of the Pullman strike. Debs was imprisoned as a result.
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Haymarket Square
Violent labor protest in Haymarket Square Chicago in 1886 where a protester threw a bomb at police. To most middle-class Americans, the Haymarket bombing was an alarming symbol of chaos.
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Homestead Strike
Strike at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead plant in 1892. Led to violent clashes between strikers and thugs hired by the company. Several people died in the violence. Governor of Pennsylvania eventually sent in the National Guard to restore order. The strike turned much of the public against unions.
Example sentence: The Homestead Strike was a pivotal event in labor history.
Pullman Strike
1894 Pullman Palace Car Company slashed wages by 25%. That led to a huge strike of railway workers. Governor of Illinois refused to call out the National Guard; he was a general sympathizer with the union movement. So President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to crush the strike.
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Urban Machine
Grew out of the vacuum created by the rapid growth of cities and failure of city governments to respond. Led by a city boss who used the power of immigrant votes to control the city.
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Yellow Journalism
A deliberately sensational style of reporting presented in bold graphics designed to reach a mass audience.
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Colored Alliances
Political groups created by black southern farmers and poor white southern farmers as a part of the populist movement in the late 19th century. The planter elite and others in the South who opposed populism began to attack the movement as a weakening of white supremacy.
Example: The colored alliances aimed to unite black and white farmers in the South against the planter elite.
Jim Crow
The name given to southern state segregation laws that legally mandated the separation of whites and blacks in the South. The primary purpose was to keep poor whites from joining blacks in political movements that would challenge the wealthy southerners who held political power.
Example: Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in the South.
Coxey’s Army
Coxey, an Ohio businessman and populist, was frustrated with the lack of effort by Congress, so he organized a 500-man militia to march on Washington to try to pressure Congress. He and his men were herded into camps and had no effect on Congress. The march revealed the growing anger in the US and the threat to social order.
Example: Coxey’s Army was a failed attempt to influence Congress through a protest march.
William McKinley
Nominated as the Republican presidential candidate in 1896, won election and was reelected in 1900. Assassinated in 1901, paving the way for Roosevelt to become president.
Example: William McKinley’s assassination led to Theodore Roosevelt becoming president.
William Jennings Bryan
Nebraska Democrat who gave the Cross of Gold speech at the 1896 party convention and helped steer the party toward supporting the coinage of silver. Was nominated by both the Democrats and the Populist Party, lost election to McKinley in 1896 and 1900.
Example: William Jennings Bryan was a prominent figure in the Democratic and Populist Parties.
Cross of Gold Speech
Speech Bryan gave at Democratic convention in 1896 that argued against the gold standard. It is one of the most famous speeches in American history.
Example: The Cross of Gold speech advocated for the coinage of silver.
The Maine
US ship that blew up in Havana harbor in 1898. The ship had been ordered there to protect American life and property. Americans blamed Spain. The slogan “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain” helped to whip the public into war hysteria.
Example: The sinking of the Maine fueled anti-Spanish sentiment in the US.
Anti-Imperial League
Powerful group that included influential Americans who opposed the acquisition of the Philippines and did not want the US to have colonies. Included some of the nation’s wealthiest and most influential leaders.
Example: The Anti-Imperial League advocated against US colonialism and expansion.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Claimed to be the legitimate ruler of the Philippines. Led rebellion against Americans after US took over from Spain.
Example sentence: Emilio Aguinaldo fought for the independence of the Philippines.
Platt Amendment
Barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations. Gave US the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence, life and property. Required Cuba to permit American naval stations on its territory.
No additional information.
