p

Question 2

What are the 8 energy stores?

Answer 2

Thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear.

Question 3

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

Answer 3

KE = ½ × mass × velocity² (KE = ½mv²)

Question 4

What is the equation for gravitational potential energy?

Answer 4

GPE = mass × gravity × height (GPE = mgh)

Question 5

What is the unit of energy?

Answer 5

Joules (J)

Question 6

What does conservation of energy mean?

Answer 6

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

Question 7

What is specific heat capacity?

Answer 7

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

Question 8

What is the equation for power?

Answer 8

Power = energy transferred ÷ time (P = E/t) Or: Power = work done ÷ time

Question 9

Name two renewable and two non-renewable energy sources.

Answer 9

Renewable: solar, wind. Non-renewable: coal, gas.

Question 10

What is current?

Answer 10

The flow of electric charge.

Question 11

What is the equation linking charge, current, and time?

Answer 11

Charge = current × time (Q = It)

Question 12

What is the equation for potential difference?

Answer 12

V = I × R (voltage = current × resistance)

Question 13

What is the unit of resistance?

Answer 13

Ohms (Ω)

Question 14

What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?

Answer 14

In series, components share the same current; in parallel, they share the same voltage.

Question 15

What does an ohmic conductor do?

Answer 15

It has a constant resistance, so current is directly proportional to voltage.

Question 16

What frequency and voltage is UK mains electricity?

Answer 16

50 Hz, 230 V

Question 17

What is the role of the live wire?

Answer 17

It carries current to the appliance.

Question 18

What is the equation for density?

Answer 18

Density = mass ÷ volume (ρ = m/V)

Question 19

What happens to particles when a substance is heated?

Answer 19

They gain kinetic energy and move faster.

Question 20

What is specific latent heat?

Answer 20

Energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature.

Question 21

What is the equation for energy during a change of state?

Answer 21

E = m × L

Question 22

What causes gas pressure?

Answer 22

Particles colliding with the walls of a container.

Question 23

What happens to gas pressure when volume decreases (at constant temp)?

Answer 23

Pressure increases (Boyle’s Law).

Question 24

What is the structure of an atom?

Answer 24

A nucleus (protons + neutrons) surrounded by electrons.

Question 25

What are isotopes?

Answer 25

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 26

Name the 3 types of nuclear radiation.

Answer 26

Alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ)

Question 27

Which type of radiation is most ionising?

Answer 27

Alpha radiation.

Question 28

What is a half-life?

Answer 28

The time it takes for the number of radioactive nuclei to halve.

Question 29

What is the equation for a beta decay?

Answer 29

Neutron → proton + beta particle + antineutrino

Question 30

What are some uses of radiation?

Answer 30

Cancer treatment, sterilising equipment, smoke alarms.

Question 31

How can radiation be dangerous?

Answer 31

It can damage or kill living cells and cause mutations (cancer).

Question 32

What is the formula for speed?

Answer 32

Speed = distance ÷ time

Question 33

What are the units of speed?

Answer 33

meters per second (m/s)

Question 34

What is acceleration?

Answer 34

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Question 35

Formula for acceleration?

Answer 35

acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) ÷ time

Question 36

What is a scalar quantity?

Answer 36

A quantity with only magnitude (size), no direction.

Question 37

What is a vector quantity?

Answer 37

A quantity with both magnitude and direction.

Question 38

What is Newton’s First Law?

Answer 38

An object will stay at rest or move at a constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force.

Question 39

What is Newton’s Second Law?

Answer 39

Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma)

Question 40

What is Newton’s Third Law?

Answer 40

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Question 41

What is momentum?

Answer 41

Momentum = mass × velocity

Question 42

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?

Answer 42

The total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after, if no external forces act.

Question 43

What is work done?

Answer 43

Work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force

Question 44

What is power?

Answer 44

Power = work done ÷ time

Question 45

What are renewable energy sources?

Answer 45

Energy sources that won’t run out (e.g., solar, wind, hydro).

Question 46

What are non-renewable energy sources?

Answer 46

Energy sources that can run out (e.g., coal, oil, gas).

Question 47

What is efficiency?

Answer 47

Efficiency = (useful energy output ÷ total energy input) × 100%

Question 48

What does the term “specific heat capacity” mean?

Answer 48

The energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

Question 49

What is the formula for specific heat capacity?

Answer 49

energy transferred = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change (E = m × c × Δθ)

Question 50

What are the three main types of heat transfer?

Answer 50

Conduction, convection, and radiation.

Question 51

How does conduction work?

Answer 51

Transfer of heat through direct contact of particles in solids.

Question 52

How does convection work?

Answer 52

Transfer of heat by movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

Question 53

How does radiation work?

Answer 53

Transfer of heat via infrared waves, no medium needed.

Question 54

What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?

Answer 54

Transverse waves: oscillations perpendicular to direction of energy. Longitudinal waves: oscillations parallel to direction of energy.

Question 55

What is the formula linking wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?

Answer 55

wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = f × λ)

Question 56

What is refraction?

Answer 56

The bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.

Question 57

What is the unit of frequency?

Answer 57

Hertz (Hz)

Question 58

What does the term amplitude mean?

Answer 58

The maximum displacement from the rest position in a wave.

Question 59

What are electromagnetic waves?

Answer 59

Waves that transfer energy through oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

Question 60

List the electromagnetic spectrum from longest to shortest wavelength.

Answer 60

Radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.

Question 61

What is ionisation?

Answer 61

The process where atoms lose or gain electrons and become charged ions.