P & H Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
Thermopoleum
A
Take away food bar
2
Q
Lararium
A
Household shrine
3
Q
Macellum
A
Market within the forum
4
Q
Mensa Ponderaria
A
Table of weights and measures
5
Q
Triclinium
A
Roman dining room where people would lie down to eat
6
Q
Evidence of economy activity.
A
- wall paintings and reliefs
- workshops and shops
- Macellum
- Table of W & M
- Manufactured items
7
Q
Nature of economic activity in Pompeii.
A
- Mostly thriving due to large population
- many under pressure/decline shortly before 79AD
8
Q
Nature of economic activity in Herculaneum.
A
- Wealthy resident mixed with lower class employed by service industry
9
Q
Exports.
A
- garum (fish sauce)
- pottery
- wool
- wine
- terra cotta tiles
Evidence found in France, Spain and North Africa.
10
Q
Features of the Macellum.
A
- Local farmers acted in trade
- Table of W & M found built into the Temple of Apollo
11
Q
Features of Industries.
A
- Largely agricultural and allied industries
- Regions produced wheat, wool, grapes and fish which was turned into bread, textiles, wine and garum.
12
Q
Features of Commerce.
A
- Local commerce took place around the town
- Main macellum was found in the forum.
13
Q
Features of Bakeries.
A
- Dietary staple
- Around 35 found within Pompeii and 2 in Herculaneum
- All bakeries had millstones and wood fire ovens
14
Q
Roman social mobility.
A
1) Nobles: senators
2) Eqites: knights less nobles
3) Plebs: common people
4) Freeman
5) Slaves
15
Q
Social status.
A
- Based on legal status which was defined by Roman law
- Distinction between those who were free and non-free
16
Q
Women of society.
A
- Women from wealthy families would be educated and could own their own property
- Women could not vote but could take part in business and public life.
- Women were held in high esteem
17
Q
Slaves within society.
A
- Vital aspect of Roman society
- They were either born into it or captured during war
- Slaves could buy their freedom.
18
Q
Bathing within society.
A
- Significant aspect of everyday life
- Public and private baths found in both P & H
- Considered social activity
- Enjoyed by all social classes
- Men and women separate.
19
Q
Bath houses consisted of:
A
- Changing room (apodyterium)
- Hot bath (Caldarium) = think Coldren
- Warm bath (Tepidarium) = think tempered
- Cold bath (Frigidarium) = think fridge
- Some contained a small polastra (gymnasium/grass area)
20
Q
Entertainment within society.
A
- Blood sports
- Prostitution
- Sports
- Theatres
- Gambling
- Exercise
- Water sports
- Health
21
Q
Political life:
Aedile-
A
- Responsible for physical up keep of city
- Maintenance of public area
- Supervisor of market
22
Q
Political life:
Duumrir-
A
- Senior magistracy
- admin local finances and handled local court cases
23
Q
Political life:
Quinquennial Duumvir-
A
- Conducted census
- Reviewing the ordo decurionum, naming new members etc.
24
Q
Features of the forum:
A
- Table of W&M
- Macellum
- Eumachia
- Temples: Apollo, Jupiter, Genius of Augustus and Lares.
- Basilica
- Other government buildings
25
Temple of Apollo:
- Biggest in forum
- Most important
- Portico connected to forum
26
Temple of Jupiter:
- Built in 2nd century
27
Temple of Genius of Augustus:
- Built by public priestess, Mamia
| - Customary in the emperial cult
28
Temple of Lares:
- Housed statues of members of the imperial cult
29
Public economic buildings.
- Macellum
| - Eumachia
30
Public government buildings.
- Basilica
| - Council chamber
31
Features of private roman house.
- Fauces (door)
- "cave canem" (beware of dog)
- Lararium (household shrine)
- Atrium (entrance hall)
- Compluvium (hole in roof)
- Impluvium (holds water under ^)
- Alae (portrait room)
- Tabliniurn (reception room)
- Peristyle (inner courtyard)
- Triclinium (formal dining)
- Cubiculan (bedroom)
- Oecus (family room)
- Culina (Kitchen)
32
Influence of Greek and Egyptian culture:
Cosmopolitan
- Cosmopolitan society, meaning cultural influences from other cultures
- Greek influence was widespread and integrated
- Egyptian culture also present
33
Influence of Greek and Egyptian culture:
Art
- Influenced by Greek and Egyptian culture
| - Stylistically similar, focusing on athletics and ideal form.
34
Influence of Greek and Egyptian culture:
Architecture
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
35
Influence of Greek and Egyptian culture:
Drama
- Comedy
- Tragedy
- Satyr
36
Influence of Greek and Egyptian culture:
Religion
- Deeply religious
- Household ceremonies and worship common, as well as public displays
- Foreign cults important to both P&H
37
Religion:
Household
- Private household had their own lararia
- Father of household would gather family and servants in order to conduct ceremonies.
- Other occasions such as birthdays, weddings and coming of age's were celebrated
-
38
Religion:
Temples
- Held images of the Gods and Goddesses and the items associated with them
- Carried out rituals and ceremonies conducted by priests
39
Religion:
Tombs
- Dead were buried outside of the city walls and there would be streets of graves
- Cremated dead
- Wealthy Romans would have Exedra (tombs with benches) around so people could morn.
40
Changing interpretation - Tech and research:
Destruction of the 62AD earthquake
- Caused significant damage
- Important public and private buildings were still damaged before eruption
- Theory that some houses were turned into workshops
41
Changing interpretation - Tech and research:
Human remains reveal about the eruption
- Most people were healthy (besides gum and teeth problems)
42
Changing interpretation - Tech and research:
Deaths
- Herculaneum incinerated in comparison to Pompeii which suffocated due to gases and ash.
Evidence provided by remains of bones in Herculaneum.
43
Condition of sites:
Main risks
- Atmosphere pollution and other anthropogenic causes
- Natural disaster
- Looting
- Unsympathetic urban and infrastructural planning
- Inadequate site management and conservation
- over excavation
- tourism
44
Condition of sites:
Poor restoration work
- non-specialised tradesman
- collapsed building roofs
- water drainage and rising damp
- fresco damage due to wrong materials
45
Condition of sites:
Damage from surrounding nature
- weeds growing in walls, roofs etc
| - tree roots raising the ground and walls
46
Condition of sites:
Environmental factors
- earthquake and volcanic activity
- sunlight and exposure to elements
- wildlife
47
Condition of sites:
Poor site protection
- theft
- surrounding areas/gangs
- no strict rules and laws surrounding the site
