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Pompeii and Herc > P+H > Flashcards

P+H Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

before

A

62AD earthquake
earth tremors several days
cracks in walls

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2
Q

day 1

A

clouds umbrella pine shapes
cloud seen from misenum
clouds - sometimes white, blotched dirty
message from rectina - goes to investigate with warships
pliny stays and sturdies
EP - danger zone, fallout debris - blocks route
Pomponianus at Stabiae
Wind direction = can’t leave Stabiae
flames and fire from Vesuvius
EP batched dine and went to bed

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3
Q

day 2

A

Stabiae - pumice and ash fill courtyards - EP nearly trapped indoors, buildings shake
tied pillow to heads - falling pumice and stones
P + mum scolded for staying
leave at dawn - crowds of shrieking people
darkness at Stabiae even though morning
EP goes to shore - options to leave by sea - wild and dangerous
cloud split = bursts of flame, fire like lightning
clouds sink to earth
smell of sulfur
EP lies down drinks cold water, tried to stand, collapses and dies choking
cloud collapses - pyroclastic surge
clouds got to Misenum - people shrieked, wailed, shouted, finding others, mourned fate, prayed for death, asked gods for help, believed end of universe

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4
Q

day 3

A

more earthquakes overnight
EP body recovered
5000 died

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5
Q

pompeii burial

A 
slow, shallow, loose 
fallout cloud, several hours 
pumice and ash 
pyroclastic surge 
3-5m deep
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6
Q

herculaneum burial

A 
fast, deep, solid
not under eruption cloud 
pyroclastic flow - boiling rain mixed with lava
very quick - few mins 
18-25m - solidified when cooled
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7
Q

pompeii escape and death

A

fallout cloud - harder to escape
rocks = deadly, roof collapses
no escape by sea
many did leave, 2000/10,000
hot gases and ash = suffocation - cemented lungs
sheltered inside = trapped
looted - bodies found with money, man near fullery
gases kill people - toxic
some planned to leave - bodies with possessions
some expected to return - guard dog chained up
knew they were dying - covering face with mouth

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8
Q

herculaneum escape and death

A 
escape easy option for a while 
had time to leave, less obvious danger, so didn’t leave 
remains of lunch meal on table 
hoped for rescue by sea - skeletons in boat sheds and bones on beech
no time to escape in end 
carbonised human bones on beech 
killed by thermal shock if inside - 300
death - instant
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9
Q

1748

A

pompeii dug, then forgotten
people robbed from sites
theatres and herculaneum

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10
Q

1860 - fiorelli

A

cleared streets, town plan, divided into numbered sections (regions, insulae, doorways)
position and finds recorded in place
casts:
- uncover cavity, imprint left by person or object sealed by ash
- pump plaster to fill in space - plaster cast which sets
- excavate around it to reveal cast

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11
Q

what were casts made of

A 
people 
dog 
doors 
shutters 
tree roots
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12
Q

what did some casts show

A

people covering faces

dogs buried alive

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13
Q

excavation of herculaneum

A

slow and hard
solidified pyroclastic flow
modern town Erculano built on top of it
7 insulae fully excavated

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14
Q

forum general layout

A

road stops at the edge - blocks to stop any wheeled vehicles
no traffic
busy place
all building exteriors - bright, vivid colours

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15
Q

basilica

A

roof all way - unusual but shows importance
modern day law courts, business centre
trade deals but not actual trade, just deals initialised
speeches for court trials, free

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16
Q

curia

A

town councillors for life

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17
Q

aedile

A

maintained for public buildings and order

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18
Q

duumvir

A

main officials for administrator of justice
1 year post, 2 elected by people

graffiti shows elections were popular, encouraged people to vote for certain people

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19
Q

speaker’s platform

A

public announcements
candidates at election times

AE - raises platform in front of T of Jupiter
west side of forum

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20
Q

comitium

A 
10 doorways 
function - voting in
doorway let’s lots of people in and out 
cast lost by dropping vote in urn with name of candidate
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21
Q

colonnades

A

shaded walkways on both sides and along bottom of forum discuss, gossip
notices painted on them, case results, election results, notices for games
social hub
stalls in colonnades for foods, clothes

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22
Q

latrines

A

drainage hole in corner

busy area

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23
Q

building of eumachia

A

AE. - statue at end of building, rich fuller
AE. - expensive rare marble, massive doorway, unusual, shows importance and wealth of fullers
place - where fullers can gather, traded good for trade, store merchandise, travelling fullers - lodging

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24
Q

macellum

A 
colonnades courtyard 
fresco of fish 
booths along wall 
stalls under colonnades 
food market 
covered circular market space - fish scales, fishmonger stalls 
coins discovered - money changers booth
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25
weights and measuring table
table with holes | standard volume measures of goods - fair trade
26
shops and warehouses
bigger booths outside of macellum walls | warehouse building
27
pompeii - personal glory
marble decoration building of eumachia
28
pompeii - impressive and displays wealthy town
double height white stone pillared colonnade macellum decorated with frescos and repainted after earthquake 62AD large basilica - covered roof
29
pompeii - well organised, clean and tidy
central area paved white stone roads end and bollards used to keep traffic out all food stalls were grouped in macellum
30
pompeii - buildings in deliberate places
political buildings grouped together | forum laid out with T of Jupiter (head god) at top
31
pompeii - lack of effort to carry out repairs after 62AD earthquake
damaged forum buildings, not fully repaired | relief from house in pompeii showing earthquake effect in T of Jupiter
32
baths - to stay fit
``` Stabian baths - swimming pool and bowling alley All baths - palaestra wrestling discus exercised naked ```
33
baths - to get clean
oil flasks, strigil applied oil to loosen dirt scaled dirt off with strigil
34
baths - to have sauna
piles of tiles to support raised floor - rooms heated by hypocaust system, hot air circulates under floors and up walls, hot rooms warmed first then warm rooms boiler heated by same fire bonze brazier - warmed rooms without hypocaust - extra
35
3 different rooms in baths
frigidarium - optional plunge pool first tepidarium - acclimatise, optional ointment rub caldarium - to sweat, can repeat
36
baths as sociable and popular
Stabian baths and Forum baths - 2 sets of room, one for each gender latrines - sir down in long rows and discuss Pompeii had 3 baths Herc. had 2 (so far) central bath was still being built - demand and growing popularity different layouts - experimenting 1000+ lamps found - open in evenings too
37
why might baths not be popular
Stabian baths badly damaged in 62AD | not enough money and effort to restore?
38
baths as luxurious and important
richly decorated - colourful and patterned ceilings beautiful mosaic floors relaxing and interesting sophisticated and thoughtful
39
Aqua Augusta
aquaduct damaged in 62AD massive water system, supplying towns in area, part of higher network wasn’t functioning 72AD, relying on own water collection
40
Castellum Divisiorum
water dividing building high point in town 3 channels - private houses, public fountains, public baths damaged in 62AD earthquake, damaged by 79AD careful planning fairness - fountains prioritised in times of shortages, middle one cut off from private homes in shortage
41
water distribution
both - lead pipes under sidewalks, run a,omg streets, careful planning pompeii - water towers with pipes running up and back down tanks at top - reduced water pressure to help manage both - fountains - flows out into basins onto streets, keeps water fresh
42
serrage in pompeii
no underground system latrines have pits underneath - don’t flow onto streets streets are open sewers for rubbish and overflow water
43
serrage herculaneum
massive system of tunnels underground - cistern drainage holes from latrines link to sewer holes in wide of roads more advances system than P - careful planning and makes Herc. more pleasant place to live
44
sets in pompeii
lava blocks form surface of roads large stepping stones set into roads allow carts and animals and wheels to pass either side streets range in size - not all are busy careful planning and advances town organisation keeps people on foot out of dirt
45
streets in herc.
same as pompeii but no stepping stones | quieter town - less busy, less trade, less traffic
46
large theatre
``` built into natural hollow horseshoe shape - 5000, 40cm per person 3 seating areas: ima cavea, media cavea, summa cavea summa damaged in 62AD wall sockets near top of wall busy squashed together ima - musicians and council wooden posts - shade for audience two entrance passageways rich citizens paid for parts to be build - Holconii brothers show odd wealth and gain support ```
47
odeon
120p had a roof - used in all weathers all year round 2 entrance passageways duumvirs paid for it
48
theatre at herc.
not fully excavated 2000 smaller than P one
49
entertainment in large theatre
plays Mosaic of street musicians, instruments graffiti advertise sprinklings and perfumed water pleasant - disguise smells
50
entertainment in odeon
concerts and recitals singing and poetry smaller venue not as popular
51
actors
``` men working in touring troops mosaic of actors preparing backstage fan graffiti - Paris, pearl of the stage, the fans of paris used in decoration - interesting fans of theatre and had favourites ```
52
Yes - popular entertainment
``` size of large theatre herc. has own theatre rich paid for buildings frescos in private homes fan graffiti a lot of people in town of 10,000 ```
53
No - not popular entertainment
repairs to summa cavea nor carried out by 79AD odeon small seating lack of interest and demand music and poetry not popular
54
relief of tomb of UMBRICIUS SCAURUS
pairs or gladiators fighting secutor, retiarius different types of gladiators
55
Armour finds
15 different helmets | variety of armour pieces
56
advertising for games
graffiti notices - written on walls in streets date of games, whose gladiators were fighting, how many, if there will be sprinklings, name of man fighting free of charge happen almost every month shade and cool - pleasant very popular - open to all
57
events at games
parade of gladiators sponsor dedicated games to Manes, god of dead (president’s box) mock fights warm crowd up paired conflicts musicians play during fights crowd cheers - audience involved fight until 1 severely wounded try to sounds - referee restrains victor wounded man holds up a finger for mercy sponsor and crowd decide fate - reprieve or dragged through gate of death
58
results graffiti
gives type of gladiator, name, number of fights, outcome of fight show that death = uncommon - most reprieved gladiators - popular + valuable
59
heating water
tanks for water (boilers) heated by same fire as hypocaust tank on top = caldarium tant next to it = tepidarium water from tanks reached baths through pipes
60
bronze half cylinder in stabian baths
full of hot water, heated by hottest air leaving furnace, lower than the bath it is joined to, hot water rises out of cylinder into bath cold water sinks back not cylinder and is reheated

Pompeii and Herc (3 decks)

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