[P] Lec 01: Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System Flashcards by Denica Shealtiel Enage

Refers to the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Immunology

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Refers to the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (non-self) material.

Immunology

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Refers to the antigens that you do not possess

Non-self antigens / foreign antigens

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Familiarize the role of the immune system

Defending the body against infections
Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
Defending the body against the development of tumors

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Tumors originated from which kind of cells

Cancer cells

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Refers to:
● The condition of being resistant to infection/pathogen
● The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent `production of antibodies to these substances.

Immunity

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Two types of immunity

Natural and Adaptive

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Natural immunity is also called what?

Innate/Nonspecific immunity

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Adaptive immunity is also called what?

Acquired immunity

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TOF: Natural immunity is specific

False

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TOF: Adaptive immunity is specific

True

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TOF: Natural immunity is present at birth

True

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TOF: Adaptive immunity is present at birth

False

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TOF: Natural immunity is acquired when sick

False

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TOF: Adaptive immunity is acquired when sick

True

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TOF: Natural immunity has a stronger reaction after exposure to pathogen

False

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TOF: Adaptive immunity has a stronger reaction after exposure to pathogen

True

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Refers to the characteristic of innate immunity that when the body recognizes foreign substances, the reaction will be the same to the different substances and not specific

Non-specific

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Refers to one of the defense mechanisms of innate immunity that is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.

External defense mechanism

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Refers to one of the defense mechanisms of innate immunity that is designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms.

Internal defense mechanism

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Types of barriers in the external defense mechanism

Structural/physical barriers
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers

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Type of barrier in the external defense mechanism

Intact Skin
Mucous membranes of respiratory and
GI tract
Ciliated epithelium
Lacrimal apparatus
Sweat and sebaceous glands

Structural/physical barrier

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Type of barrier in the external defense mechanism

Peristaltic movement of intestine
Shedding of cells
Coughing and sneezing
Flushing action of urine

Mechanical barriers

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Type of barrier in the external defense mechanism

Acid pH
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin

Chemical barriers

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These are under what example in the internal defense mechanism Body temperature Oxygen tension Hormonal balance

Physiologic factors

These are under what example in the internal defense mechanism Spermin Defensin

Basic polypeptides

These are under what example in the internal defense mechanism Alpha IFN Beta IFN Gamma IFN

Interferons

Refers to the principle soluble mediator of inflammatory response

Complement

Refers to the normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

Acute phase reactants

The ff are normal serum constituents that increased rapidly in infection, injury, and trauma and are collectively known as what? CRP (C-reactive protein), Serum amyloid A, Alpha-1, Anti-trypsin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen

Acute phase reactants

Two types of WBCs according to granulation

Granulocytes Agrangulocytes

Mechanism that refers to the collective pool of cells that defend the body

Cellular defense mechanism

The ff are examples of which type of mechanism a. Neutrophils b. Eosinophils c. Basophils d. Mast cells e. Monocytes f. Macrophages g. Dendritic cells

Cellular defense mechanism

Represents approximately 50 to 70 percent of the total peripheral white blood cells

Neutrophils

Familiarize the primary granules of neutrophils

● Myeloperoxidase ● Elastase ● proteinase 3 ● Lysozyme ● cathepsin G ● defensins

Familiarize the secondary granules of neutrophils

● Collagenase ● Lactoferrin ● Lysozyme ● reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase

Familiarize the tertiary granules of neutrophils

● gelatinase ● plasminogen activator

Refers to cells that are increased in allergy and parasitic infections

Eosinophils

Which WBC has acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase on its primary granules?

Eosinophil

Which WBC exclusively has MBP, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin?

Eosinophil

Its granules are histamine, a small amount of heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factor A, all of which have an important function in inducing and maintaining immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Basophils

In this cell, the enzyme content of the granules helps to distinguish them from basophils, as they contain acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease.

Mast cells

Refers to the largest blood cell and a phagocyte in blood

Monocytes

These are larger version of monocytes on tissue. Their functions include microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and antigen presentation.

Tissue macrophages

The main function of these cells is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes

Dendritic cells

This allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen.

Adaptive immunity

This allows the host to respond more effectively if re-infection with the same microorganism occurs.

Adaptive immunity

Two components of the adaptive immune system

Cellular and Humoral

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells are parts of which component of adaptive immunity

Cellular

Antibodies and cytokines are parts of which component of adaptive immunity

Humoral

These cells are the key cells involved in the immune response; has a -7- 10 μm diameter and has a large rounded nucleus that may be somewhat indented.

Lymphocytes

Primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus

Secondary lymphoid organs

spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Three types of lymphocytes

T, B, and NK cells

These act as a reference in standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human white blood cells

Clusters of differentiation

Refer to: ◦ has the capacity to produce harmful antibodies after differentiation into plasma cells. ◦ Capacity to expand clonally, which allows them to become the numerically dominant APCs

B lymphocytes

This produce a wide range of cytokines and chemokines that odulate the maturation, migration, and function of other immune effector cells

Activated B cells

Refer to: ◦ Responsible for cellular immune responses and are involved in the regulation of antibody reactions in conjunction with B lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes

These are early surface markers on thymocytes that are committed to becoming T cells

CD44 and CD25

Refers to: ◦ are generally larger than T cells and B cells at approximately 15 μm in diameter, and they contain kidney-shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli. ◦The have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them

NK Cells

CD markers of NK cells

CD16, CD56, CD94

Two types of adaptive immunity

Active and passive

Two types of active immunity

Natural Active and Artificial Active

Two types of passive immunity

Natural Passive and Artificial Passive

Type of active immunity that you get when you encounter a pathogen and develop antibodies against it

Natural Active

Type of active immunity that you get through vaccination and you get injected with antigen

Artificial Active

Type of passive immunity that is passed by the mother to its baby

Natural Passive

Type of passive immunity that you get when you are directly given antibodies through blood products and is done if the patient is immunocompromised or not capable of forming antibodies

Artificial Passive

Refers to the collective signs that show that the patient is currently suffering from inflammation

Cardinal signs

Cardinal sign that refer to the redness of incision/infected area where foreign material might have entered through

Rubor

Cardinal sign that refer to the generation of heat

Calor

Cardinal sign that refer to swelling

Tumor

Cardinal sign that refer to pain

Dolor

Cardinal sign that refer to loss of function

Functo laesa