P/S Flashcards

Question

Gestalt Proximity

Answer 1

objects that are close together are grouped together ( don't have to be same shapes)

Answer 2

lines follow the smoothest path

Answer 3

objects grouped together are seen as a whole

Answer 4

the inclination, after an even has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it

Answer 5

underestimate the possibility of a disaster occurring and its possible effects " can't happen to me"

Answer 6

memories are not accurate, especially times of high stress

Answer 7

when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study

Answer 8

how people respond to research questions; answer what they think looks good

Answer 9

How people are chosen to participate bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others --> creates biased sample, a non-random sample of a population

Answer 10

the attitudes or stereotypes that affect an individual's understanding, actions, and decisions in an unfavorable manner

Answer 11

When participants are being observe, there's a chance that researcher is influencing what is being observed

Answer 12

the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors

Answer 13

when researchers pose as participants

Answer 14

-measure extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured Unidirectional Relationship : cause --> effect Reciprocal Relationship: cause effect

Answer 15

social rule that says we should repay in kind, what another person has provided us-- this sense of future obligation associated with reciprocity makes it possible to build continuing relationships and exchanges -- importance in maintenance and establishment of social norms; both individuals and society often punish free loaders, even when punishment results in costs to group so people don't want to be seen as free loaders

Answer 16

whether or not the test measure what it claims to measure; several factors to establish validity: content validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity

Answer 17

consistency, or reproducibility ; ex if administer a test on two occasions, should have similar performance

Answer 18

associated with processing both positive and negative emotions; happy right hemisphere; depressed left hemisphere **vision, taste, olfaction, and touch are all first integrated in orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 19

- recognition of facial expressions associated with sadness - disgust - anger

Answer 20

inability to recognize an image; disorder of the ventral pathway

Answer 21

neuro phenom where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in second sensory or cognitive pathway

Answer 22

psychosis - schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, dementia, anxiety, OCD, an anxiety disorder

Answer 23

decrease positive symptoms of schizophrenia AND increase negative symptoms ( extrapyramidal motor control disability)

Answer 24

major tranquilizers ; decrease positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 25

"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences) -- interpretation of a situation causes the action

Answer 26

Special mapping of sound frequencies that are processed by the brain

Answer 27

demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task;

Answer 28

when participant takes longer to read a word that's emotionally charged than neutral

Answer 29

serotonin neurotransmission

Answer 30

CNS stimulant by working as an acetylcholine agonist

Answer 31

Dopamine reuptake blocke

Answer 32

CNS depressant

Answer 33

positive effects of schizophrenia

Answer 34

negative effects of schizophrenia

Answer 35

motor planning and purposeful movement

Answer 36

associated with reward, motivation, and many of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 37

inhibits the feeding circuit blocking satiety; involves cholecystokinin(CCK) and distention of duodenum

Answer 38

stimulation that occurs when your sensory receptors are activated; the physical stimulus that can be measured by an observer's sensory apparatus

Answer 39

actual stimulus; objects in the real world that you end up sensing and then perceiving , which creates/results in/provides information to the proximal stimulus

Answer 40

word game involving exchange of words that are associated together

Answer 41

quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations an perceptions they affect; scientific study between stimuli and sensation; systematically vary properties of stimulus along one or more physical dimensions

Answer 42

Start out stimulus at very low level where can't be detected and gradually increase until aware; can used ascending or descending

Answer 43

better than method of limits cause always presenting so no error of habituation and expectation; can do absolute thresholds where present stimulus randomly or ask difference thresholds (for which there has to be a constant stimulus with each of the varied levels)

Answer 44

ask subject to control level of stimulus, instructs them to alter it until it is just barely detectable against the background noise or same level of another stimulus

Answer 45

influences on performance that arise from practicing a task

Answer 46

influence on a particular trial that arises from its position in a sequence of trials; carry over effects

Answer 47

time it takes sound to reach the left vs right ear

Answer 48

difference in sound pressure level between ears; head dampens overall sound to the far ear and reduces intensity of high frequency tones ( big ass head)

Answer 49

all the point on the cone of confusion have the same interaural time difference an interaural level difference

Answer 50

primary inhibitor of CNS; principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the NS; decreased in pts with anxiety

Answer 51

reward, attention, learning

Answer 52

mood, appetite, social behavior, and memory

Answer 53

CNS, control sleep and arousal

Answer 54

assumes that adding pain at the end of a painful experience will worsen the retrospective evaluation of the experienced pain; adding pleasure at the end will enhance the retrospective evaluation

Answer 55

defined action as automatic if it did not affect other mental activities

Answer 56

associated with increased cortical arousal

Answer 57

cells responsible for arousal are inhibited by adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Answer 58

decompose cAMP --> AMP -caffeine inhibits this enzyme - So increase in cAMP increases glutamate production and results in AP that are briefer and released in bursts

Answer 59

ON/SIGNALING

Answer 60

perception of insula ( warm is insulated)

Answer 61

Spreading activation finds the shortest circuit and asymmetry occurs because of spike time dependent plasticity; the synapse that fires regularly is strengthened in that direction

Answer 62

blood flow

Answer 63

categorical change in auditory perception that occurs when auditory stimulus does not match the visual stimulus during speech perception

Answer 64

result of damage to large portion of left hemisphere - unable to produce, understand, and likely can't read or write

Answer 65

fluent/receptive aphasia

Answer 66

non-fluent/productive aphasia

Answer 67

specifies a given cause ( OG predictor variable, independent variable) that works indirectly through a more direct cause ( mediator variable) to a final effect ( outcome variable, dependent variable) - can explain how IV and DV are related - IV accounts for variations in DV - IV variations account for variations in mediator - mediator variation account for variations in DV * **when a mediator is added to the mode, the relationship between IV and DV decreases

Answer 68

variable that specifies conditions under which a given predictor is related to an outcome; explains "when" a DV an IV are related; influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables - changing the strength or direction of the relationship between IV an DV - does NOT explain why there's a relationship between IV an DV

Answer 69

hypothetical or real third variable that is often not taken into account during analysis and can adversely affect the study

Answer 70

Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine; hypothalamus uses these as it manages the endocrine system

Answer 71

fear, aggression, memory-processing, decision-making, and emotional reactions

Answer 72

behavioral conditioning where noxious stimuli are associated with undesirable or unwanted behavior that is to be modified or abolished

Answer 73

type of psychotherapy; based on cognitive model which states that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all connected and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional resonses

Answer 74

psychological an neurological model that accounts for a wide range behaviors, including color vision

Answer 75

psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences

Answer 76

requires all participants voluntarily participate in the study and be able to freely withdraw at any pont

Answer 77

income (or wealth), educational attainment, and/or occupational status

Answer 78

involves observing social interactions in real social settings

Answer 79

systematic study of people and cultures

Answer 80

cooperative research aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures; BIG PROB- that different countries may define things differently, such as poverty

Answer 81

observation regarding the growth of IQ from one generation to the enxt

Answer 82

less susceptible to variation when compared to mode

Answer 83

psychological egoism- motivations and instincts of an individual's behavior are based on their own self-interest and welfare

Answer 84

describes the internal mental debate (conflict) that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both goo and bad elements; visualizing yourself approaching and avoiding different aspects of situations at the same time

Answer 85

two options are both appealing

Answer 86

both options are unappealing

Answer 87

two options with both appealing and negative characteristics

Answer 88

``` Reciprocity Commitment and Consistency social proof authority liking scarcity ```

Answer 89

ability to perceive as separate points of contact the two blunt points of a compass when applied to the skin

Answer 90

significance we given to objects, events, symbols...we interact with the world and each other to give meaning to things; focus on individual and how they behave; people are created by their society and act based on past experiences and meanings they've given things - not everyone gives same meaning to same things - subjective meaning people believe to be true; meaning is the central aspect of human behavior, we act towards things based on ascribed meaning an use language to generate meaning through interactions

Answer 91

* *all about institutions**Look at stability of a society, society as a whole and how institutions that make up the society adapt to keep society stable and functioning - society is heading towards equilibrium between institutions and social facts ( how local business must adapt to new ways to cater to customers) * -institutions remain constant and only make minor change when stability is lost in order to return to equilibrium - social culture that shapes society as a whole

Answer 92

large scale perspective, big phenomena, social structures, institutions, whole civilizations/populations - look for patterns and effects on big picture - Functionalism - Conflict Theory

Answer 93

society is made of institutions that benefit powerful and create inequalities; large groups are at odds until conflict is resolved and new social order is created - focus on different groups in society, based on ideas of Karl Marx that believed society evolve through several stages ( feudalism --> capitalism --> socialism) - bourgeoisie vs proletariat - class consciousness- lower class united to create this by notice their similarities - thesis - what is; antithesis: desire to change thesis --> Thesis and antithesis cannot exist peacefully so gotta change --> Synthesis: of the two by creating a new state and thus new order

Answer 94

face to face interactions, closer look at institutions and social interactions -symbolic interactionism

Answer 95

they are natural byproducts of human nature

Answer 96

they are artificial creations that need to be redesigned if not helpful

Answer 97

things we pick up in school that are not intended part of education such as socialization by peers

Answer 98

dominant religious organization that includes most members of society

Answer 99

law making, choose officials

Answer 100

obedience to authority

Answer 101

all property owned by community

Answer 102

government embodied by single person, king/queen is figurehead

Answer 103

private ownership of production with market economy based on supply and demand

Answer 104

motivated by what benefits society as a whole, common ownership of production that focuses on human needs and economic demands

Answer 105

Functionalism - everyone is required to have responsibility in society

Answer 106

when human conditions previously considered normal get defined as medical conditions and are subject to studies, diagnosis, and treatment -patients/doctors construct illness out of ordinary behavior

Answer 107

expectations that can take break from responsibilities BUT deviant if don't get better or return

Answer 108

process of being ill an how people cope with illness; being ill can change a person's self-identity

Answer 109

look at health disparities through social indicators like race, gender, an income distribution, and how social factors affect a person's health; looks at contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations ( social determinants of disease)

Answer 110

ways of thinking and acting formed by society that existed before any one individual and will exist after any individual is dead; only noticed when we resist ( ex law)

Answer 111

structures that meed the needs of society like education systems, financial institutions, marriage

Answer 112

society is dependent on structures that create it - like cell is dependent on parts that make it up - manifest functions - business to meet a certain service - latent functions- unintended functions, indirect effects of institutions - Social Dysfunction- process that has undesirable consequences and may reduce the stability of society - Small vs large societies - small societies are held together by similarities; large societies become interdependent on each other as everyone is specialized in different roles; social change threatens interdependence!!! SO institutions adapt only enough to accommodate change to maintain mutual interdep

Answer 113

said that society is shaped by war/conquest and cultural/ethnic conflicts lea to certain groups becoming dominant

Answer 114

``` Didn't see class the major/supreme stratification factor several factors moderate people's reaction to inequality -did not believe collapse of capitalism was inevitable ```

Answer 115

people actively shape their reality through social interactions so nothing's inherent -- things are social products made of the values of society that created it - Berger + Luckman - ideas are created through historical processes that are socially defined and culturally distinct - knowledge and world aspects are not real, only exist because we give them reality through social agreement - *we attach different meanings to different behaviors an have preconceptions of different people ( stereotypes)

Answer 116

concept/practice everyone in society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of its inherent value, ex. money -the self is a social construct too - our identity is created by interactions with other people, and our reactions to the other people

Answer 117

proposes that social constructs are dependent on brute facts which are the most basic and fundamental facts like quarks in atoms, don't rely on other facts -institutional facts are created by social conventions and do rely on other facts, ex. money depends on the paper we have given value

Answer 118

the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits -all knowledge is a social construct, no brute facts; we created the idea of quarks an everything else; no facts that just exist

Answer 119

believed development of individual was a social process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things; people change based on interactions with objects, events, ideas, others, and assign meaning to things to decide how to act

Answer 120

1- we act based on meaning 2-different people assign different meaning to things 3-the meaning we give something isn't permanent, it adapt

Answer 121

socially constructed via process of soicalization

Answer 122

women are oppressed an abused as well as unequal; institution of family is made to be beneficial to men

Answer 123

women's oppression and inequality is due to capitalism, patriarchy, and racism; parallel to conflict theory

Answer 124

people not only motivated by money, but do what's best to get more good - assume people are rational ( weigh costs and benefits) and act in self-interest ( personal desires and goals) - 3 assumptions ( completeness, transitivity, and independence of irrelevant alternatives)

Answer 125

application of rational choice theory to social interactions - look at society as a series of interactions between individuals - self-interest and interdependence - address decision making via cost/benefit analysis ( seek reward, avoid punishment) - ex. sexual selection, social selection - also the more often a reward is available, the less valuable it is ( supply/demand)

Answer 126

- differential actions of social conditions or agencies on longevity and reproductive rates of individuals an strains in population - idea that an individual's health can influence their social mobility and social conditions can affect reproductive rates of individuals in a population

Answer 127

group of people

Answer 128

-because of new advancements people live longer- estimated that by 2025, 1/4 of population will be >65

Answer 129

age-based measurement takes people <14 and >65 who are not in labor force and compares that number to number of people who are ( 15-64)

Answer 130

research perspective that considers who experience from earlier in life affects outcomes later in life ; holistic perspective that calls attention to development processes and other experiences across a person's life -- aging is a social, psychological, an biological process that begins from time you born to time you die

Answer 131

suggests age is way of regulating behavior of a generation

Answer 132

look at how older generation looks at themselves -- certain activities or jobs lost and those need to be replace so elderly can be engaged ( maintain moral well being)

Answer 133

older adults an society separate, assumes they become more self-absorbed as they age ( ALSO considers elderly people who are still involved in society as not adjusting well) -separation allows for self-reflection

Answer 134

people try to maintain some basic structure throughout their lives. As they age they make decisions to adapt to external changes and internal changes of aging to preserve that basic strcture

Answer 135

can ascribe racial identities to a minority group

Answer 136

define by share language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor ( Race is physical)

Answer 137

encourages racial and ethnic variation

Answer 138

Biological Identity- sex born with Gender Identity- gender they identify as ( gender is a social construction) Gender expression- gender expressed ( gender is a social construction) Attraction- gender to which are romantically attracted to ( orientation - which is not dependent on sex/gender of person) Fornication-gender to which sexually attracted ( orientation)

Answer 139

reject gender categories

Answer 140

move across genders

Answer 141

don't identify with specific gender

Answer 142

Turner's MI nondisjunction - short females

Answer 143

Kleinfelter's - male that's female like

Answer 144

Superfemale an supermale ( Jacob's)

Answer 145

societal norms dictate what to do, say, how to act

Answer 146

biological traits

Answer 147

cultural meaning attached ( masculine/man, feminine/woman)

Answer 148

practices and identity which which you may align w/ sex and gener

Answer 149

cognitions that constitute the male identity

Answer 150

organized information regarding order of actions appropriate to familiar situation

Answer 151

cities are sites of culture but also host to crime which disrupts society

Answer 152

cities are sources of inequality

Answer 153

movement away from cities

Answer 154

revamping old parts of cities to become better

Answer 155

specific racial, ethnic, religious minorities, concentrated due to SES inequities

Answer 156

heavily populated urban, informal settlement, squalor etc

Answer 157

people move out of city centers and it can fall into despair ( unemployment/crime increase and population decrease)

Answer 158

people getting sick of cities and move back to rural areas

Answer 159

fertility, migration, mortality - increase: births and immigration - decrease: death and emigration - growth is not always a positive number, growth rates of some countries is negative

Answer 160

1-early expansion-high birth rates due to limited OCP and high death rate due to disease/poor nutrition; large young and small old population; overall population remains fairly stable ( skinny pyramid) 2-Late expanding-beginning of development and improvement in conditions, population rises as death rate decreases-low death rate ; rapid increase in pop( regular pyramid) 3-stationary-death and birth rates fall cause OCP and better conditions, not economically beneficial, slower expansion and longer live elderly; slow increase in pop (half oval) 4-constricting-population stabilizes, both birth rates an death rates are low; stable population ( priest circle hat) 5-speculation, Malthusian Theorem suggests negative growth rate where run out food and apocalypse ( funny priest triangle hat)

Answer 161

- core - periphery - semiperiphery

Answer 162

all countries follow similar path of development to modern society

Answer 163

reaction to modernization theory- use idea of core and periphery theories to look at inequalities and how periphery dependence on core limits ability to develop

Answer 164

new age of countries becoming interdependent and nation states themselves are less important

Answer 165

skeptical of hyperglobalist- thinks not global but regionalize cause third world countries are not integrate

Answer 166

doesn't have specific cause or outcome, world will change but we don't know how

Answer 167

ideas and practices spread from places where they are well known/apparent to places where they are new and often not observed

Answer 168

organization leadership resources

Answer 169

skepticism about groups of social movements, think they can only form for people seeking refuge from main society ( only join for this reason)

Answer 170

change some aspect of society

Answer 171

resist change

Answer 172

actions of groups oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy is what social movements are about; those who join are not necessarily worst off; looks at relative deprivation 3 things needed: relative deprivation, deserving better, and belief conventional methods are useless to help -there's an upsurge in prejudice when people feel deprived of something they feel entitled to ( collective unrest, can lead to upsurge in prejudice and discrimination)

Answer 173

looks at social movements from different angle - instead of looking at people, look at factors that help/hinder a social movement like access to resources -need money, political influence, media, and strong base to recruit/charismatic leader

Answer 174

way of life shared by group of individuals -ways of thinking, behaving, and feeling connected to a shared knowledge of a society; allow members of the society to gain meaning from objects and ideas around them

Answer 175

way people organize themselves

Answer 176

values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms

Answer 177

patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream normative society

Answer 178

patterns of experiences and attitudes that that exist in the highest class segments of society - tend to be associated with wealth and formality

Answer 179

culture of a meso-level subcommunity that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture of society - affects your life for a longer period than a microculture - include ethnic groups

Answer 180

can't support person throughout lifespan - organizations like PhiDE

Answer 181

groups with expectations and values that strong disagree with the main values from the larger society

Answer 182

fact that culture takes time to catchup with technological innovations, resulting in social problems

Answer 183

physical and technological aspects of our daily lives

Answer 184

DO NOT include physical objects; ideas beliefs, values, resist change

Answer 185

feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, an even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices

Answer 186

the interpretation and fusion o f ethnic minorities into the dominant culture

Answer 187

role of mass media to provide entertainment and act as an agent of socialization, and enforce social norms

Answer 188

media portrays and reflects and exacerbate divisions that exist in society

Answer 189

process by which a small number of people and corporations control what information is presented on the media and how they move through a series of gates before they reach the public

Answer 190

looks at media on microlevel to see how it shapes day to day behavior, social activities etc

Answer 191

addresses how culture is learned, culture is passed along form generation to generation through various child-rearing practices

Answer 192

doe snot consider variability; as median income rises, less people live in absolute poverty

Answer 193

if country's income increases, absolute poverty line won't change but median income level would

Answer 194

network of relationships among people who live and work in particular society

Answer 195

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means

Answer 196

-society's categorization of people into SE strata based on income, wealth, social status and power -property of society, not individuals reproduces form generation to generation universal not just quantitative, but also qualitative ( beliefs and attitudes)

Answer 197

way of separating out groups of people and giving them access to a separate set of resources within the same society "separate but equal" is rare

Answer 198

areas with high poverty an lots of racial minorities often have few environmental benefits ( parks, green spaces), and face more health probelms

Answer 199

looks at the fair distribution of the environmental benefits and burdens within society across all groups

Answer 200

clustering of different groups

Answer 201

clustering and segregation in a central area

Answer 202

``` 0 = total segregation 100= perfect distribution ```

Answer 203

communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests don't overlap with other communities

Answer 204

communities who are isolated may develop own language, even in same city

Answer 205

opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access ( gap between where people live an where opportunities)

Answer 206

consider all the different levels of discrimination

Answer 207

``` way we produce goods, factories and farms there's a class divide; the wealthy own things and higher large amount of workers who don't own any of the means of production ```

Answer 208

Karl Marx and Conflict Theory again- workers in working class don't realize they're being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working and when they develop class consciousness they have solidarity and struggle to overcome oppresssion

Answer 209

instead of solidarity of class consciousness solidarity, they are unable to see their oppression and commonalities

Answer 210

look at group of different people at one moment in time

Answer 211

follow a subset of population over a lifetime ( cohort is a group of people who share a common characteristic)

Answer 212

look back at events that have already taken place

Answer 213

data gathered over a long period of time

Answer 214

follow group over period of time and record

Answer 215

observational study where 2 groups that differ in outcome are identified and compared to find a causal factor ( compare those with cancer to those that don't have it)

Answer 216

highly controlled INTERVENTIONAL studies

Answer 217

people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs; gold standard for clinical trial

Answer 218

Accuracy Internal Validity-extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted; confounding factors often impact the internal validity of an experiment

Answer 219

whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people -to protect this, sample must be completely random, an all situational variables must be tightly controlled

Answer 220

what experimental group does without the directly desired impact

Answer 221

treatment with known cause

Answer 222

group with no response expected

Answer 223

Consistency/Repeatability | -if study were done a second time, would get same results?

Answer 224

how someone perceives/evaluates themselves aka self-awareness

Answer 225

existential self- most basic part of self-concept, sense of being distinct and separate from others; awareness that the self is constant throughout life -categorical self-even though we are separate we exist in the world with others

Answer 226

self image = what we believe we are self esteem= how much value we place on ourselves ideal-self= what we aspire to be **when ideal self and real self are similar, we have a positive self concept; if not, we have incongruity

Answer 227

2 parts: personal identity and social identity - we categorize ourselves then identify with a group and then compare ourself to that group to establish our and maintain our self-esteem - categorize, identify and compare

Answer 228

respect and regard one has for onself

Answer 229

belief in one's ability to succeed in a particular situation

Answer 230

RISE: recover quickly, have strong interest, strong sense of commitment, and enjoy challenging tasks

Answer 231

FALL: focus on personal failures, avoid challenging tasks, quickly lose confidence in personal abilities, and lack the ability to handle difficult tasks and situations

Answer 232

strengthens self-efficacy

Answer 233

seeing people like us complete the same task can strengthen self-efficacy

Answer 234

when someone says something positive about you, helps overcome self-doubt

Answer 235

*childhood *5 stages *fixation ~Old Age Parrots Love Grapes -fixation is due to concept of libido- natural energy source that fuels mechanisms of mind, and when fixated can have lifelong effect well into adulthood; libido is centered at different parts of body at different times of development Oral- 0-1 years-trust/comfort -- dependency/aggression Anal-1-3-control/independence-anal-retentive or messy Phallic-3-6-Oedipus/electra-sexual dysfunction Latent-6-12-social skills/sublimation Genital-12+-sexual maturity-mentally healthy

Answer 236

*lifetime, crisis at each stage *8 stages *conflict and resolution Trust/Mistrust-0-1 Autonomy/Shame and doubt-1-3 Initiative/Guilt-3-6 Industry/Inferiority-6-12 Identity/Role Confusion-12-20 Intimacy/Isolation-20-40 Generativity/stagnation-40-65 Integrity/Despair-65+

Answer 237

*hands-on, active development *knowledgable other -social interactions Elementary Motor Functions- MAPS ( memory, attention, perception, and sensation) Higher Mental Functions with help of knowledgeable other *zone of proximal development *language means by which transmit information, powerful tool of intellectual adaptation

Answer 238

*moral reasoning *3 stages with 2 levels each *Heinz and Wife dying, nee drugs 1-Precoventional (pre-adolescent) ~Obedience vs punishment ( avoid punishment) ~Individualism and Exchange(gain reward) 2-Conventional ~Social Norms/conformity/acceptance ~Law and order 3-Post-conventional ~social contract ( Do right) ~Universal ethical principle (Golden Rule)

Answer 239

group to which people refer in evaluating themselves

Answer 240

everyone a person interacts with in a lifetime influences their identity

Answer 241

only some people can influence someone's identity and only in certain periods of life

Answer 242

Preparatory stage- imitation Play stage- more aware of social relationships, pretend play Game stage- start to understand attitudes/beliefs/behavior of "generalized other", realize people can take on multiple roles

Answer 243

what we learn through interaction with others; conform and social and Me not douche

Answer 244

unsocialized, non-conforming, spontaneous | -response to the Me/attitudes of others

Answer 245

actual self is balance of I and Me

Answer 246

socialization shapes our self-image; -"looking glass self" - person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others 3 steps -how do I appear to others -what do others think of me 3-revise how we think about ourselves based on what we IMAGINE other think

Answer 247

about them | Fundamental attribution error: assign too much weight to internal disp rather than external

Answer 248

environment

Answer 249

believe bad things happen to others and not to us

Answer 250

call it based on: consistency ( time) - high means disp distinctiveness (situation)- high means situ consensus (other people)- high means situ

Answer 251

we are victims of our circumstance but others are willful actors

Answer 252

more likely to blame things on external factors for us

Answer 253

tendency o think in certain ways; often cause deviations from standard of rationality or good judgement

Answer 254

attribute success to internal and failure to external

Answer 255

attribute success as external and failure to internal

Answer 256

preserve our self-esteem by attributing success to internal and failures to extrenal

Answer 257

attribute a certain though/cognition to a group of individuals, and overgeneralize

Answer 258

stereotypes can lead to behaviors that affirm the original stereotypes; vicious cycle

Answer 259

Stereotype Prejudice Discrimination

Answer 260

``` obey superiors, no one else oppressive inflexible in thinking protect ego avoid confrontation ```

Answer 261

getting frustrated can lead to prejudice and bottling it up can lead to aggression

Answer 262

extreme disapproval of a person based on some behavior or quality of that person; typically a culture will collectively stigmatize a person based on overt physical/deviant characteristics

Answer 263

individual can internalize all the negative stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences they have had and feel rejected by society and then isolate selves

Answer 264

long, strong, and built upon; primacy bias - first impression more important than subsequent; recency bias- most recent actions are very important too

Answer 265

tendency of people to judge inherently good/bad natures; rather than looking at individual characteristics; also a reverse-halo effect

Answer 266

believe attractive people have more positive personality traits

Answer 267

noble actions performed by an individual are rewarded, while evil acts are punished "you got what was coming to you" -people think like this to rationalize their goo fortune or misfortune

Answer 268

judge another culture as SUPERIOR to one's own culture

Answer 269

deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

Answer 270

one we are connected with - stronger interactions an more influential

Answer 271

we favor people in our own group but those in other groups are netural

Answer 272

we are super friendly to our own group and discriminate toward other group

Answer 273

most powerful indicator of friendships and relationships ; mere exposure effect applies to everything from music to numbers to objects to love

Answer 274

couples stay together due to perceived similarity- cause over time their interests and beliefs become more aligned we also like people like ourselves both physically and all else

Answer 275

we assume others have the same beliefs we do

Answer 276

we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they do not

Answer 277

difference between male an female traits

Answer 278

explore with mom ; upset without mom; happy upon return

Answer 279

don't explore with mom; upset without mom; still sad upon return OR ignore ignore, ignore

Answer 280

can be authoritarian, permissive, or authoritative (best)

Answer 281

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy

Answer 282

amygdala and frontal lobe; testosterone from testes

Answer 283

Frustration-Aggression principle - idea that frustration creates anger which can spark aggression; high temperatures can lead to frustration

Answer 284

people act more aggressively in groups; deindividuation and social scripts

Answer 285

when people are in new situations they rely on social scripts or instructions provided by society on how to act

Answer 286

people act more altruistically to close kin than distant/non-kin

Answer 287

people are more cooperative if they will interact with that person again in the future

Answer 288

signals to others that person who's giving has resources and is open to cooperation; people have increased trust in those they know have helped other sin the past

Answer 289

suggests some people are altruistic due to empathy; empathy has an early developmental trajectory

Answer 290

Emotional- love, trust, caring ( listening and empathizing) Esteem- expressions of confidence/encouragement Informational Support- sharing information with us or giving us advice Tangible support- financial support, goods, services Companionship support- gives someone sense of social belonging

Answer 291

person's social position in society

Answer 292

when you can't carry out all the obligations of ONE status, tension within that one status

Answer 293

conflict between TWO different statuses, unlike role strain

Answer 294

Core social group-closest members of the group to you

Answer 295

formal an business-like relationships, based on a limited purpose/goal, usually short-term and only see them sometimes

Answer 296

when people are in a social setting

Answer 297

more private area of our lives, when act is over and you can be yourself; where you work on impression management

Answer 298

our attempt to control how others see us on the front stage to be viewed in a positive way; there are multiple front stages and we play a different role every time

Answer 299

how policies can discriminate unintentionally Side-effect discrimination- how one institution/sector can influence another negatively Past-In Present discrimination-how things done in the past, even if no longer allowed can have consequences for people in the present

Answer 300

attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negative and not based on facts; make same assumptions about everyone in a group without considering their differences

Answer 301

differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities

Answer 302

institutions designed for a specific purpose, and try to achieve maximum efficiency-- members are paid/rewarded for their efforts

Answer 303

members come together through shared goals

Answer 304

members on't have choice about membership

Answer 305

process by which organizations become increasingly governed by laws and policy

Answer 306

even most democratic of organizations become more bureaucratic over time until they're governed by select few

Answer 307

policies of fast food organizations have come to dominate organizations in society-- principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control

Answer 308

Ideal Bureaucracy 1-division of labor ( can lead to trained incapacity wherein workers are so specialized they lose touch of overall picture) 2-hierarchy or organization 3-written rules and regulations 4-impersonality 5-employment based on technical qualifications ( can lead to Peter Principle where every employee keeps getting promoted until reach level of incometence

Answer 309

can given information to themselves; like bats with echolocation

Answer 310

attributing human characteristics to non-human animals

Answer 311

can be solitary foraging or group foraging ( larger prey and can benefit everyone but can lead to competition when food is scarce)

Answer 312

all equally likely to mate with each other, not influenced by environ, heredity, or social limitation ( Hardy Weinberg!)

Answer 313

non-random mating where individuals with certain personalities tend to mate with each other at a higher frequency ( inbreeding problem)

Answer 314

opposite where individuals with different or diverse traits mate with higher frequency than random mating

Answer 315

NUMBER OF OFFSPRING AN ANIMAL HAS, how they support them, and how offspring support each other ---on large scale: evolutionary advantageous for animals to propagate survival of closely related individuals and genes in addition to themselves

Answer 316

those with best fit to environment will survive and pass on to offspring, and those genes will become more common in successive generations; reproduction and environment are central - predicts the availability of resources and social behavior; strategy of each individual depends on strategy exhibited by other players * *diff from game theory cause game theory involves INTENTION while evolutionary game theory may not conscious intention on part of players

Answer 317

when organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus with no reward or punishment

Answer 318

person tunes out the stimulus

Answer 319

when previously habituated stimulus no longer is - stimulus no longer habituated

Answer 320

increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

Answer 321

when one event is connected to another ( classical and operant conditioning)

Answer 322

Pavlov-produced when the neutral stimulus is presented shortly before the same response as the unconditioned stimulus no change in behavior

Answer 323

B.F. Skinner - focuses on the relationship between behavior and consequences and how those in turn influence the behavior

Answer 324

innately satisfying/desirable, like foo

Answer 325

those learned to be reinforcers, such as previously neutral stimuli ( dolphin and whistle)

Answer 326

system of behavior modification based on systematic reinforcement of target behavior, reinforcers are "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers ( prizes)

Answer 327

emphasize learning through practice | successively reinforce behaviors that approximate the target behavior

Answer 328

purposeful movement, like bugs toward light

Answer 329

rats randomly scurrying in different directions with no purpose

Answer 330

solve a problem using past skills, the "aha" movement is insight learning

Answer 331

learned behavior is not expressed until required

Answer 332

behavior is motivated by threat of something unpleasant; taste aversion - no longer eat something due to unpleasant experience

Answer 333

those who have a biological advantage are learned faster than learning with no biological value

Answer 334

escape an unpleasant stimulus, like fire - there's an element of surprise cause you're thrown into the condition and need way out to terminate an ongoing stimulus; response is conditioned to escape in response to stimuli and then stimuli goes away

Answer 335

avoid fire before it arrives--there's a signal before aversive situation; results in continue avoidance cause reinforced by removal of pain/undesireable stimuli

Answer 336

method for attitude/behavior change; elaboration likelihood model explains how people influenced by content of speech vs more superficial features * Message characteristics- message itself, clarity, how well thought out * Source Characteristics- their level of expertise, trustworthy, credibility, physical environment * Target characteristics- characteristics of listener, such as mood, self-esteem, alertness, intelligence

Answer 337

Central- people are persuaded by the content of argument - can lead to deep processing and results in a lasting attitude change Peripheral- don't care, little motivation/interest- leads to shallow processing of information and creates a temporary attitude change

Answer 338

interaction between a persons's behaviors, personal factors ( motivation), and environment * Social-cognitive theory * Bandura who worked on observational learning

Answer 339

views behaviors as being influenced by people's actions and cognitions in their social context; talking about interactions between individual and situation they're in

Answer 340

when tone is sounded dogs receive electric shock, but could press button to stop the shock but don't because were in previous situation where had no control-- therefore uncontrollable bad events can lead to perceived lack of control, which leads to general helpless behavior

Answer 341

too many choices can negatively impact our cognition and behavior - one result is information overload is a result which can lead to decision paralysis and increased regret over choice made

Answer 342

humans have desires which aren't necessarily bad but they can become a temptation ( when they conflict with our long-term values and goals) -- self-control is focusing on long term goals while putting off short-term temptations ; marshmallow test and kids

Answer 343

idea that self-control is a limited resource -- if you use a lot of it, can get used up and less to use in future self control requires a lot of energy and focus

Answer 344

personality is shaped by a person's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories ( particularly in childhood)

Answer 345

-natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind | motivation for survival, growth, pleasure, etc.

Answer 346

life drive

Answer 347

drives aggressive behavior fueled by unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself/others

Answer 348

denial- pretend something hasn't happened

Answer 349

Projection - throw attributes to someone else ( no, they're mean) --> Projective identification- person targeted with projection can start believing, feeling, having those things attributed to them Passive Aggression- aggressively do something, don't do, or do slowly

Answer 350

``` Intellectualization- take intellectual aspects and detach from emotional aspect rationalization regression repression displacement reaction formation ```

Answer 351

make self believe you were not at fault; false logic or false reasoning, avoid blame

Answer 352

act like baby, tantrum, whine

Answer 353

push thoughts into unconscious, unconsciously

Answer 354

angry at someone but displace on someone else ( a safer target)

Answer 355

unconscious feeling- make person do opposite ( hate dogs go volunteer at animal shelter) --say or do exact opposite of what actually want/feel

Answer 356

humor- jokes/humor to alleviate feelings in socially acceptable way altruism sublimation- channel negative to positive energy; transform unwanted impulses into something less harmful suppression- consciously push thoughts to unconscious but can access at later time

Answer 357

ucnonscious, develops after birth and demands immediate gratification pleasure principle- immediate pleasure, avoid pain, immature

Answer 358

part of conscious and unconscious; involved in our perceptions, thoughts and judgements, seeks long-term gratification

Answer 359

develops around age 4; our moral conscience; also part of conscious and unconscious "Reality Principle"- play role in real world -internalization of cultural idea and parental sanctions, "morals", tries to replace reality with morality

Answer 360

when libido overgratified or not gratified, fixation occurs at a certain stage

Answer 361

*free will *humans are inherently good *most basic motive of all people is self-actualization - so self-motivated to improve *focus on conscious -***Maslow - hierarchy of needs ( physio --> safety -> love --> self-esteem --> self-actualization) *growth is nurtured when individual is genuine and through acceptance from others Self-concept -- achieved when we bring genuiness and acceptance together to achieve growth-promoting climate **importance of congruency between self-concept and our actions to be fulfilled

Answer 362

brain reward systems - motivation, punishement, reward

Answer 363

behavioral inhibition/activation and also reward/punishment

Answer 364

reticular formation - 3 dimensions of personality but different degrees -- PEN P- psychoticism ( degree to which reality is isorted) Extroversion Neuroticism

Answer 365

degree to which person assumes leadership roles in social situations--common in twins reared separately

Answer 366

tendency to follow authority

Answer 367

innate disposition, our mood/activity level, consistent throughout life

Answer 368

*environment determines behavior personality is result of learned behavior patterns based on person's environment; it's deterministic - begin with blank slate and environment completely determines behavior/personalities *focus on observable and measurable behavior Skinner-strict behaviorist Pavlov- classical conditioning

Answer 369

*stable characteristic --> consistent behavior stable predisposition towards a certain behavior; straightforward way to describe personality; puts it in patterns of behavior

Answer 370

evident in person's behavior

Answer 371

factors underlying human personality ( fewer and more abstract)

Answer 372

4500 different descriptive; 3 categories Cardinal Traits- characteristics that direct most of person's activities- dominant traits, influence all our behaviors, including secondary and central traits central Traits- honesty, sociability, shyness; less dominant than cardinal Secondary trait- love for modern art, reluctance to eat meat, more preferences/attitudes

Answer 373

16 personality facto questionaire

Answer 374

off Carl Jung - 4 letters --> 16 personality types

Answer 375

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Answer 376

Factor analysis - statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits

Answer 377

unlike behaviorism where environment controls us entirely, cognition is also important SCT- Bandura and Bobo Doll experiment Learning-performing distinction

Answer 378

AM I Motivated | Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation

Answer 379

negative stress that builds and bad

Answer 380

Positive stress that's stressful but challenging/motivating

Answer 381

neutral stress, not directly actively affecting like natural disaster across world

Answer 382

speak fast, sleep little, bad decisions due to impaired judgement

Answer 383

fixed false beliefs

Answer 384

sensory perceptions without disorganized thinking

Answer 385

cognitive ( attention, organization, planning abilities) negative (blunted emotions) Positive ( hallucinations, delusions) decreased cerebral cortex size INCREASED DOPAMINE meso(VTA in mibrain)corticolimbic pathway *diagnose wieth clinical interview to look at behavior

Answer 386

period of time before schizophrenia symptoms actually present - see deterioration of person's behavior and functioning

Answer 387

SIG E. CAPS frontal lobe and limbic problems raphe nuclei of brainstem - dec serotonin locus coreulus ( axons to cerebrum) - dec NE VTA-dopamine *monoamines *5HTTLPR

Answer 388

E, NE, dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin

Answer 389

dopamine, NE, E

Answer 390

**dec ACh lose basic activities of daily living (ADL) atrophy- cerebrum loss neurons, plaques ( amyloid - beta( neurofibrillary tangles - clumps of protein tau *nucleus basalis of cerebrum- Ach *ApoE4

Answer 391

dec dopamine slow, stooped, shuffle, tremor loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra ( which rojects to area called striatum, and loss of DA neurons causes most of neural abnormalities Lewy bodies in DA neurons which contain protein alpha synclein Lewy Body disease *leading candidate for treatment with stem cells

Answer 392

**defer cause IDK | look to group for guidance when you don't know what to do, and ask what to do

Answer 393

***acceptance/avoid social rejection even if you know what's right, do what group does to avoid social rejection; may internally believe something differently *Solomon Asch and Gestalt- both normative, informative, and perceptual error

Answer 394

breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community; uncertainty so weakend sense of morality criteria for behavior - can result in social groups disbanding, alienation - compliance, identification, internalization

Answer 395

how participants change behavior to match expectations of experimenter **Milgram Yale Shock experiments

Answer 396

just world phenomenon passing responsibility of actions to others self-serving bias ( we could never commit acts like this)most of us would fundamental attribution error

Answer 397

``` situational attribution deindividuation cognitive dissonance internalization demand characteristics selection bias tho ```

Answer 398

Group Size, unanimity, group status, group cohesion, observed behavior, public response, prior commitment, feelings of insecurity

Answer 399

``` closeness to authority physical proximity legitimacy of authority institutional authority victim distance depersonalization role models for definace ```

Answer 400

factor of diffusion of responsibility theory and deindividuation

Answer 401

modify or improve behavior in response to being observed/awareness to being observed

Answer 402

space filled with aqueous humor, which provides pressure to maintain shape of eyeball and allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea and iris

Answer 403

first layer light hits

Answer 404

hole made by iris ( colored muscle that constricts and relaxes to change size of pupil) lot of light- smaller little light- bigger

Answer 405

bends light so it goes to back of eyeball

Answer 406

proposes our brains are similar to computers- we get input from environment, process it, and output decisions * assumes a serial processing except computers do serial processing while our brain does parallel processing * bottom-up * limited storage capacity and limited attention capacity

Answer 407

temporary register of all senses you're taking in iconic - half sec echoic - 3-4 secs

Answer 408

partial report technique or whole report technique

Answer 409

what you're thinking at the moment; magic number 7 - you can hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information at a time -WM explains serial position effect

Answer 410

central executive coordinates visuo-spatial and phonological loop information --> stored episodic buffer --> long term memory (unlimited)

Answer 411

visual and spatial information processed here

Answer 412

verbal information processes here, capacity of about 2 seconds

Answer 413

it's easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone

Answer 414

imagine moving through a familiar place in each place leaving a visual representation of topic to be remembered

Answer 415

capacity is unlimited; 2 main categories - explicit ( declarative), and implicit ( non-declarative)

Answer 416

explicit are facts/events you can clearly describe

Answer 417

facts; or has to do with words- anytime you take vocabulary test or state capitals, remembering simple facts

Answer 418

event-related memories

Answer 419

implicit memories are things you may not articulate, such as riding a bicycle * all memories formed by conditioning are implicit, unconscious, habits * habits/implicit memory is stored int eh ganglia

Answer 420

previous experiences influence current interpretation of an event; less additional activation is needed *prior activation of nodes/associations often without our awareness

Answer 421

previous exposure to a stimulus/event unfavorably influences new one

Answer 422

transferring sensory information into memory ( from temporary store in working memory to permanent store in long-term memory

Answer 423

Priming context ( environment you encode and take test in) State-dependent ( your state at moment)

Answer 424

give "pl" for planet

Answer 425

inaccurate recollections of an event

Answer 426

mental blueprint containing common aspects of world, often used instead fo reality

Answer 427

car crash video, language used can influence memory and cognition

Answer 428

when people recall information they often forget the information's source knowledge but can't recollect from where, when, how

Answer 429

highly vivid memories, often emotional, BUT still susceptible to reconstruction cause a memory is just neural connections; connections between neurons strengthen or weaken ( long term potentiation )

Answer 430

with repeated stimulation, the same pre-synaptic neuron converts into greater post-synaptic neuron, stronger synapse, and when it lasts longer called long term potentiation -- learning!!

Answer 431

when we don't encode something well, or don't retrieve it for a while, we can't at all anymore Ebbinghaus - initial rate of decay is fast but then levels out after about 30 days

Answer 432

just because you can't retrieve something doesn't mean it's completely gone-- take less time to learn things second time around cause of savings

Answer 433

Retroactive- new learning impairs old information | Proactive-something you learned in past impairs learning in future

Answer 434

RED Recall Episodic/explicit processing Divided Attention

Answer 435

Stable Recognition implicit/procedural Improve Semantic Emotional reasoning Crystallized IQ - knowledge and experience

Answer 436

forgetting to point of interfering with normal life- results form exceissive damage to rbain tissue

Answer 437

caused by lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine - due to malnutrition, eating disorders, and especially alcoholism thiamine converts carbohydrates into glucose cells need for energy poor balance, abnormal eye movements, confusion, and memory loss *Precursor Wernicke's encephalopathy-if diagnosed, can prevent KS **main symptom is severe memory loss ( antero and retro amnesia) accompanied by confabulation ( patients make up stories to fill in memories) -treatment is healthy diet, abstain from alcohol, take vitamins

Answer 438

``` Sensorimotor Properational Concrete operational Formal operational *disequilibrium drives our learning process cause we accomodate to restore equilibrium ```

Answer 439

0-2 object permanence developed during this stage stranger anxiety

Answer 440

``` 2-7 egocentric ( no empathy or inability to understand perspective of others) pretend play imagine no conservation ```

Answer 441

``` 7-11 conservation learned begin to learn empathy math skills, reasoning, logic conversion BUT NO HYPOTHETICAL reasoning ```

Answer 442

12+ reason abstract/hypotheticalconsequences and reason consequences, where sophisticated moral reasoning begins to take place

Answer 443

we can accommodate by adjusting previously existing schema or adding new ones assimilation- "same schema" accommodate- "change and create"

Answer 444

Trial and Error Algorithm Heuristics- mental shortcut to find solution quicker than other --- means-ends analysis and working backwards Intuition- relying on instinct, high chance of error

Answer 445

getting stuck on a wrong appraoch

Answer 446

insight is aha moment which can be obtained after let problem incubate for some time

Answer 447

false positive

Answer 448

false negative

Answer 449

shortcuts to make a decision, rule of thumb availability- based on examples that you've experienced representativeness- based on a prototype you've constructed in head

Answer 450

belief that co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than a single one ( feminist and bank teller vs just bank teller)e

Answer 451

start at set point/anchor and adjust based on new information

Answer 452

going into something without having a lot of information - like a test

Answer 453

ignore/rationalize disconfirming facts; during elections ignore facts about someone you like

Answer 454

seek out only confirming facts, information that fits your idea

Answer 455

how you present the decision - number of people to save vs let die

Answer 456

initially thought higher order to lower order categories; animal --> bird --> ostrich

Answer 457

not hierarchical but based on the associations and evidence that an individual develops based on experience and knowledge when you activate one concept, pulling related concepts with it based on strength of connection stronger nodal links means decrease processing time

Answer 458

*1 tip in Spear g factor --general intelligence evidence from fact that people who score well on one test tend to score well on other types of testes as well, using a consistent ability of g factor

Answer 459

Analytical/Academic ( IQ scores; 100 w/ deviation = 15) Creative/generative ( generate novel ideas and adapt) Practical ( solve ill-defined problems)

Answer 460

perceived, understand and manage emotions in interactiosn with others

Answer 461

ability to reason quickly and abstractly; dec with age

Answer 462

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; inc with age

Answer 463

intelligence is bioloigcally set and unchanging

Answer 464

intelligence is changeable if you learn more; those with a growth mindset accomplish more ( more motivated)

Answer 465

differentiates into different modalities, that are independent of each other

Answer 466

``` word fluence verbal spacial perceptual speed numerical inductive memory similar to spearman cause though if do well on one, will do well on others ```

Answer 467

believed that human ability is hereditary

Answer 468

how a child at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age

Answer 469

convergent intelligence- IQ test related to intelligence

Answer 470

believe language is just conditioned behavior- we learned it

Answer 471

rationalist, language must be innate

Answer 472

all languages are alike in structural foundation and cause common rules and patterns; we are able to speak without fomral instruction

Answer 473

thought determines language completely - thought dictates language and language is created from a set of universal semantic distinctions and constructions which shape human language

Answer 474

he believed once children were able to think in a certain way, they then developed language to describe those thoughts so cognition influences language development

Answer 475

language and cognition are both independent but converge through development; eventually learn to use them at the same time

Answer 476

language influences thought/cognition "girl pushes boy"

Answer 477

language determines cognition/thought ( Hopi have no grammatical tense) *people understand their world through language, and language in turn shapes how we experience hte world

Answer 478

Lexicon- set of vocabulary items Lexical access- identify a word and connect to its meaning which has been store din long term Phonology- phonetic component " sound" - 40 in english morphology- structure of words, grammatical system Semantics- meaning associated with word Syntax- how words put together in sentences Pragmatics- dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge, cadence, inflection

Answer 479

innate language mechanism, that can be activated by experience

Answer 480

Noam Chomsky children are born with ability to learn language; each society has its own language; language is innate Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD later called universal grammar - all languages shared some basic elements like nouns, verb) that allowed them to learn language -along with idea there's a critical period from birth to 9 years old, the period of time a child is most able to learn a language *LAD only operates during critical period; once start using LAD it specialized to your language and unable to detect sound and grammar from other lanague

Answer 481

``` 9-12 months: babble 12-18 months: 1 word/month 18-20 months: explosion of language and combos 2-3: longer sentences, 3 words + 5 yrs: rules of lanageu are mastered ```

Answer 482

BF Skinner children aren't born with anything, only acquire language through reinforcement; learn to say mama cause every time say that, mother reinforces behavior ( doesn't explain words produced that have not been heard before) Skinner- behaviorist that models are trained in lanaguge by operant conditioning

Answer 483

Vygotsky believe biological and social factors have to interact for children to learn language children's desire to communicate with adults makes them learn language

Answer 484

when both Wernicke's and Broca's areas are damaged -

Answer 485

2 areas connected by bundle of nerves- when damaged, conduction aphasia - ability to conduct between listening and speaking is disrupted

Answer 486

can't speak, over time with therapy some can retain other speech-related parts of brain by creating new connections - neural plasticity

Answer 487

if severed have a split-brain patient -- surgery effects language since right side of brain can't communicate with the left language side; have to put things in right visual field in order to process them since would synapse in left hemisphere ( cause contralateral)

Answer 488

destroy amygdala bilateral--> mellow, hyperorality, hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior, impulsive, ignore social behaviors

Answer 489

converts short-term memories to long-term ; if destroy, have old memories intact, just can't make new ones

Answer 490

positive emotions | language

Answer 491

negative emotions | emotional tone

Answer 492

higher-order functions, everything that distinguishes humans, executive control, solve problems, make decisions, how act in social situations

Answer 493

Stacey F. DASH - sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness

Answer 494

E --> physio and cog --> emotion --> action

Answer 495

emotion depends on how the situation is appraised/labeled/interpreted; and how we label is based on cultural/individual differences E-->appraisal-->physio and emotion

Answer 496

bells shaped curve- people perform best when they are moderately aroused

Answer 497

moods typically last longer than emotions

Answer 498

Primary Appraisal= assess stress as positive/benign, stressful/negative, or irrelevant Secondary Appraisal=material preparedness to deal with stressor-harm, threat, challenge (how to overcome it)

Answer 499

significant life changes catastrophic events daily hassles ambient stressor ( pollution)

Answer 500

adrenal glands release E and NE ( catecholamines) and cortisol

Answer 501

sometimes response to have support systems - Oxytocin is important for this ( peer bonding, strongly linked to estrogen)

Answer 502

1-alarm phase ( dip from normal health) 2-resistance ( flee, huddle, cortisol) 3-exhaustion -if resistance isn't followed by recovery, our tissues become damaged and we become susceptible to illness

Answer 503

CAD, hypertension, vascular disease due to high BP ( blood vessels become distended, build up more muscle and become more rigid and has spots that attract fatse) Metabolism- body increases cortisol and glucagon which can lead to DM; cortisol also tells body to use fats as soruce of energy Reproduction-infertility and impotence cause E and P, LH, FSH, and Testosterone inhibited Immune Function- causes inflammation, acute stress can lead to overuse of immune system and attack own bodyor suppressed

Answer 504

have glucocorticoid receptors for cortisol, so affects memory and learning and executive function/behavior

Answer 505

inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stress

Answer 506

anterior cingulate of frontal cortex stops making and responding to serotonin

Answer 507

centered here cause anxiety has to do with our fears and phobias

Answer 508

Perceived control optimism social support

Answer 509

Exercise Medication religious beliefs/faith cognitive flexibility

Answer 510

minority students learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture

Answer 511

midbrain, pons, medulla

Answer 512

12 pairs cranial nerves; 31 pairs spinal nerves

Answer 513

large diameter axons, with thick myelin sheath so transmit fast

Answer 514

small diameter, less myelination, slower; end in uncovered terminals unlike mechano

Answer 515

Touch, Pressure, Stretch, Vibration

Answer 516

Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel, Ruffini, Pacinian

Answer 517

MCM: papillary dermis (stratum basale), R: reticular dermis; P=subcutaneous layer ( hypodermis)

Answer 518

Ends MCP- require changing touch to fire | Middle MR- need sustained touch to fire

Answer 519

reticular dermis, changing, hair movement/light touch

Answer 520

Muscle to Bone

Answer 521

LB^2 - bone to bone

Answer 522

FM^2 - muscle to muscle

Answer 523

Sprite outside

Answer 524

grey, outside! use your brain!

Answer 525

corticospinal tract ( to spine) and corticobulbar tract ( to brainstem)

Answer 526

motor, PFC, Broca's area

Answer 527

somatosensory cortex, spatial manipulation

Answer 528

vision, "striate cortex" - cells are striated

Answer 529

sound, Wernicke's area

Answer 530

coordinates movement - motor plan info is sent to cerebellum also receives position sense information ( from muscle stretch fibers) adn sends feedback to cerebrum and motor areas of teh cortex topically organized

Answer 531

midbrain, pons, medulla connects brain together HR, breathing, cross over point ( reticular formation)= acts as a filter which extends to thalamus(relay center), arousal ( alert and aware)

Answer 532

collections of axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem | 2 long tracts that are important - motor (UMNs) and somatosensory

Answer 533

most of cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem, doing many things; 12 pairs, all sorts of functions

Answer 534

contains many important pathways, including corticospinal tract

Answer 535

major role in motor functions

Answer 536

thalamus- sensory functions travel through here; also high functions of brain such as cognition and emotion, part of diencephalon

Answer 537

+ | most common excitatory neurotransmitter; reticular activating system, required for consciousness

Answer 538

most common inhibitory NTs

Answer 539

nuclei in frontal lobe that release called basilis and septal nuclei released for LMNs, and the ANS

Answer 540

hypothalamus sends it to cerebral cortex

Answer 541

area in PONS called locus ceruleus that releases it

Answer 542

raphe nuclei in midbrain/medulla release it all over brainstem

Answer 543

VTA and substantia nigra projects dopamine to other parts of basal ganglia called the striatum -> Parkinson's -dopamine of VTA --> PFC/Cort(-) via mesocortical path for negative symptoms of schiz -dopamine of VTA-->limbic(+) via mesolimbic pathway for positive symptoms of schiz also dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamus that send dopamine to pituitary gland also arcuate nucleus increased in dopamine decreased in schizophrenia

Answer 544

catecholamines ( dopamine, NE, E) histamine serotonin

Answer 545

CAT/CT scan and MRI

Answer 546

EEG | MEG/SQUIDS

Answer 547

detail of structure, but combine them with CT scans and MRIs- inject glucose and see what areas are most active

Answer 548

blood flow usign radioactive label/oxygen

Answer 549

-characteristic emotional reactivity, sociability established and persists, fairly "hardwired"; not samae as personality, broader than personality; seems to be established before babies are exposed to environment

Answer 550

constant over a person's lifetime

Answer 551

variability of traits can be attributed to differences in genes the percentage of variation of traits due to genes as environment becomes more controlled, differences in behavior traits are more closely tied to heredity and heritability of that trait h^2= 99% -- if boys have same environment, any differences in IQ are 99% or 100% heritable cause environment was 100% same h^2 = 0% if different environments and identical babies

Answer 552

reflexes orientation ( kinesis, taxis) fixed action pattern (performed without interruption)

Answer 553

role instincts play in motivation - basic instincts humans have - cry and sleep

Answer 554

drives vs needs; need is lack or deprivation that will energize the dirve, or aroused state; that drive is what will reduce the need so can maintain homeostasis

Answer 555

people want to reach full arousal/alertnesse

Answer 556

thought processes drive behavior

Answer 557

we need to satisfy needs in a particular order; physio, safety, love, self-esteem then self-acutalization

Answer 558

calls attention to factors outside of individuals/extrinsic motivators that drive action; lead to repeat behavior, reinforce for increased future frequency

Answer 559

we consider the implications of our intentions before we behave- intentions are based on 3 things: attitudes towards a certain behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

Answer 560

an event triggers our attitude and then attitude +outside knowledge together determines behavior

Answer 561

behavior is a function of 6 things: past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, our intentions, our willingness, and prototypes/models of behavior

Answer 562

focus on why/how of persuasion | central vs peripheral

Answer 563

people do something they don't want to justify effort they put into it

Answer 564

2+ conflicting ideas, beliefs, values, or emotional reactions --> feeling of discomfort 4 things to reduce discomfort: DAMT D- Deny the facts Add-adding more cognition Modify our cognitions-"I don't really smoke that much" T-Trivialize-make evidence or information less important

Answer 565

process of inferring causes of events/behaviors; can be internal or external 3 parts - consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

Answer 566

attached to ciliary muscle-these two things together form the ciliary body, which secretes the aqueous humor

Answer 567

special part of retina rich in cones

Answer 568

in center of macula, only cones, no rods

Answer 569

pigmented black in humans, a netowrk of blood vessels; because black, all light is abosrbed

Answer 570

whites of eye, thick fibrous tissue covers posterior 5/6th of eyeball; attachement point for muscles, lined with conjunctiva

Answer 571

120 million rods are 1000x more sensitive to light than cones Black and White vision slow recovery time ( takes a while to adjust to the dark) found mostly in periphery night vision, light comes in, turns off rod ( cis to trans retinal) so that it no longer secretes glutamate and so turns ON bipolar cell which turns on ganglion cell which goes itno the optic nerve and enters the brain

Answer 572

6-7 million cones 3 types: red, green, blue almost all cones are centered in fovea - high resolution at fovea cause no axons in way of light like restof eye (if light hits periphery it has to go through bundle of axons and some energy lost- so at fovea, hit light cones directly) fast recovery time

Answer 573

rhodopsin or other opsin - a multimeric protein with 7 discs which contains a small molecule called retinal (11-cis retinal) which changes conformation to trans when hit with light then transducin which is multimeric breads from rhodopsin and alpha comes to disk and binds to phosphodiesterase (PDE) a disk protein, PDE takes cGMP and converts it to regular GMP and then Na+ channels which need cGMP begin to close and Na+ decreases as cGMP decreases -- so glutmate is no longer released ( since rods hyperpolarized now) and bipolar cells are ON which then activates retinal ganglion cell

Answer 574

high levels of light - cones

Answer 575

dusk or dawn-both rods and cones

Answer 576

very low light levels - rods

Answer 577

where optic nerve connects to retina, there are no cones or rods

Answer 578

Form -- parvocellular pathway; good spatial poor temporal Motion-magnocellular; high temporal,poor spatial, no color Color-cones

Answer 579

see all at same time; detect/focus all information ( color, motion, form) at same time

Answer 580

hammer, anvil, stirrup | malleus, incus, stapes

Answer 581

our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane ``` Apex = 25 Hz low frequency Base = 1600 Hz high frequency ```

Answer 582

includes basilar membrane and tectorial membrane ( lower and upper membrane) hair bundle on each cell, each filament called a kinocilium, and tip of each kinocilium is connected by a tip link whith is attached to gate of K channel and so movement causes K+ to follow into cell which then causes Ca to get activated and go in and generate an AP in a spiral ganglion cell which then activates the auditory nerve to primary auditory cortex

Answer 583

primary auditory cortex is also sensitive to various frequencies in different locations, so with basilar tuning, brain can distinguish diff frequencies and map them to different regions of the aud cortex

Answer 584

Cochlear implants! sound --> mic --> speech processor --> transmitter -->receiver --> stimulator --> cochlea which converts electrical impulse into neural impulse that goes to brain

Answer 585

amplification - upregulation of intensity of sound as opposed to sensory adaptation

Answer 586

sense of balance/position; cognitive tiny sensors located in our muscles that goes up to spinal cord and to the brain so we're able to tell how contracted or relaxed every muscle in our body is

Answer 587

talking about movement of the body; behavioral | *does not include snse of balance, while proprioception does

Answer 588

A-beta: fast, thick and covered in myelin ( less resistance, high conductance) A-delta: smaller diameter, less myelin C fibers: small diameter, unmyelinated ( lingering sense of pain)

Answer 589

TrypVI receptor | pain also- capsaicin binds

Answer 590

**"fast blocks slow** theory of the processes of nociception - asserts that non-painful input closes the "gate" of painful input which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the CNS so stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain

Answer 591

olfactory epithelium --> to olfactory sensory cells --separating the olfactory epithelium from the brain is the cribriform plate-- olfactory bulb is the brain region which is above cribriform plate, it is a bundle of nerves that sends little projections through the plate into the olfactory epithelium, which branch off= at the end of each connection are receptors which are sensitive to one type of molecule; molecule binds, will trigger APwhich will end up in olfactory bulb in a special region specific to that type of molecule called a glomerulus which then synapses on a mitral/tufted cell which projects to the brain

Answer 592

scenario where each receptor would respond to specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain ***smell does not synapse at thalamus, so stays IPSILATERAl

Answer 593

vibration frequency of each molecule gives it its specific odor profile

Answer 594

odor fits into receptors similar ot lock and key

Answer 595

within the accessory olfactory epithelium, where basal cells and apical cells are located basal cells send axon thorugh olfactory bulb to glomerulus and then mitral/tufted cell, which eventually goes to amygdala we have this but no accessory olfactory bulb

Answer 596

``` Bitter -GPCR Sweet- GPCR Salty ( NaCl) - ion channel Sour (H+) - ion channel Umami ```

Answer 597

Fungiform( anterior-most), Foliate(side), and Circumvallate ( back) each taste bud are the 5 receptor cells that can detect each taste; each taste be detected anywhere on the tongue

Answer 598

each receptor has an axon which will remain separate until the brain, where all synapse on different parts of gustatory cortex

Answer 599

BATS Drink Blood ( lower frequency as progress); 4 stages that occur in 90 minute cycles Non-REM N1 - theta, hypnagonic, hallucinations, tetris, hypnic jerks Non-REM N2 - theta + sleep spindles and K-complexes, deeper sleep, harder to wake, memory consolidation Non-REM N3- Slow Wave Sleep;walking/talking happens here; declarative memory consolidation REM-muscles are paralyzed, dreaming, memory consolidation best here, alpha, beta and dysynchronous waves, paradoxical sleep cause brain is active; waking up during REM prevents memory formation of dream

Answer 600

dreams are our unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted; they have MEANING and help us resolve and identify conflict; little scientific support manifest content-monster chasing you latent content- job pushing you out can help us resolve and identify hidden conflict

Answer 601

threat stimulation, to prepare for real world problem solving no purpose- stream of consciousness

Answer 602

brain gets a lot of neural impulses in brainstem, which is sometimes interpreted by the frontal cortex brainstem = activation; cortex =synthesis our brain is simply trying to find meaning from random brain activity, therefore might not have meaning

Answer 603

sleep apnea | sleepwalking/sleep talkin

Answer 604

obstruction to airways causes problems breathing at night; feel tired/sleep when wake up measure with polysomnography

Answer 605

presence of apneas without obstruction, problem with control system for ventilation Cheyne-Stokes breathing- period of oscillations, then flat pattern in polysomnography

Answer 606

in lungs or chest wall, can occur ( high CO2, low O2) , caused by medication/obesity chronically elevated pCO2 can lead to right-sided heart failure

Answer 607

hypnotism is an extreme form of divided consciousness *hypnotism has more alpha waves

Answer 608

people do and report what's expected of them, like actors caught up in their roles

Answer 609

training people to self-regulate their attention and awareness increased attention control ( goal of mediation) PFC, hippocampus, right anterior insula activation

Answer 610

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines disrupt sleep, decrease CNS, BP, processing speech, reduced memory, judgement, concentration prescribed for anxiety and sleep problems Benzo- enhance brain's response to GABA

Answer 611

``` Heroin, Morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone NOT depressants reduce pain by act at body's receptor sites for endorphins decrease CNS, BP, vasodilation, constrict pupils analgesic ( decrease perception of pain) natural- opiates synthetic-opiods lead to euphoria so taken recreationally ```

Answer 612

Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamines and methamphetamines stimulate, inc CNS, BP, alertness, asodilate, jittery, inc glucose metabolism Caffeine- inhibits adenosine receptors which disrupts sleep Nicotine-disrupts sleep and suppress appetite ( at high levels it can cause muscles to relax and release stress-reducing nts ( to counteract the hyper alertness) addicting, withdrawal like insomina, irritible, anxiety Cocaine-releases so much serotonin, dopamine ( blocks dopamine reputake) and NE that it depletes body's supply so intense crash and very depressed when wears off; regular users can experience suspicion, convulsions, respiratory arrest and cardiac failure Amphetamines and Methamphetamines - increase release of dopamine (prevent reuptake), euphoria, highly addictive, long-term addicts lose ability to maintain normal level of dopamine

Answer 613

ecstasy, LSD, marijuana, mescaline, peyote, PCP, psilocyobin (mushroom) cause altered/disordted perception, may types of hallucinations ecstasy- mix of stimulant and hallucinogen - inc OR dec Energy, inc BP, dilate pupils, dehydration, overheat, die, inc dopamine and serotonin for euphoria, inc CNS, hallucinations and heightened sensations, social connectedness feeling LSD-interferes with serotonin, hallucinations which are VISUAL ( not auditory) Marijuana - mild hallucinogen, active chemical is THC which heightens sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells reduces inhibition like alchol, impairs motor and coordination skills, disrupts memory formation and short-term recall THC can stay in body up to 3 months in fat cells tolerance can increase amoutn needed for impairment, used as medicine to relieve pain and nausea

Answer 614

Oral-slowest Inhalation- breathing or smoking Injection- most direct, right to vein, v dangerous, most abused; injected drugs have higher addiction potential Transdermal-skin, nicotine patch, released into bloodstream over several hours Intramuscular- stuck in muscle, can deliver drugs to your system slowly or quickly - epipen or vaccines = fastest route

Answer 615

when first experience pleasure, brain releases neurotransmitter called dopamine which is produced in VTA in midbrain VTA sends dopamine to amygdala, nucleas accumbens, PFC, and hippocampus ( nAcc, amygdala, and hippocampus are part of mesolimbic pathway) different stimuli activate circuit to different degrees (increase dopamine, decrease serotonin ( which signals satiety))

Answer 616

you get used to a drug so you need more of it to achieve the same effect -long term stimulation can lead brain to shut down some receptors so same amount of drugs won't cause same high

Answer 617

if go through a period of not having the drug, you experience withdrawal symptoms; stronger with stronger drugs once you've built up tolerance, need the drug to feel "normal" again BUT with time and effort, brain can reverse back -2 stages: acute and post-acute acute- few weeks, physical symptoms, vary from person to person ; for alcohol only 2 days after cessation can experience this Post-acute: fewer physical, more emotional and psychological; same for everyone

Answer 618

reduction in the efficacy or responsiveness to a novel drug due to a common CNS target

Answer 619

behavioral and psychological effects on the person, drug-specific

Answer 620

can last 2 years mood swings, anxiety, irritability, low enthusiasm roller coaster and each episode lasts about a few days

Answer 621

treat opiate addiction, activates opiage receptors too but acts more slowly so dampens high and eases withdrawal

Answer 622

addresses both cognitive and behavioral components of addiction recognize problematic situations and develop more positive thought patterns and coping strategies, and monitor cravings anticipate problematic situations like partys with drugs

Answer 623

working with patient to find intrinsic motivation to change

Answer 624

like AA, 12 step program

Answer 625

when patient can slip and go back -- more addictive substances make relapse more likely, why it's hard for people to stay clean

Answer 626

bring spotlight of attention to somethign without body or eye

Answer 627

person turns all or part of body to alter or maximize sense of stimulus

Answer 628

when attention is attracted by motion of an object or stimulus

Answer 629

involved in goal-oriented behavior ( dopamine and VTA)

Answer 630

damage to brain causes loss in capacity of spatial dimension of divided attention

Answer 631

capacity to change focus - ACh and basal forebrain ( includes nuAcc, septal nuclei, and nucleus basilis

Answer 632

switing between tasks rather than doing them simultaneously

Answer 633

allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task

Answer 634

ability to maintain attention while being presented with masking or interfering stimuli; when you switch your attention, you're exercising your selective attention ( like a flashlight, at any given moment illuminating one area of interest)

Answer 635

exogenous- don't have to tell ourselves to look for them, but they are external to any goals - bright colors, loud noises endogenous-require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it; cocktail party effect ( ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd or when someone calls your name)

Answer 636

we aren't aware of things not in our visual field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field

Answer 637

we fail to notice changes in environment ( between previous and current state)

Answer 638

hearing test- left ear hear one thing, right ear another thing then told to repeat everything said in one ear and ignore the other; all about selective attention

Answer 639

all information in environment goes into sensory register --> selective filter --> perceptual process --> other cognitive processes prob- if completely filter out unattended info, shouldn't identify your own name in unidentified ear like in Cocktail party effect

Answer 640

places broadband selective filter AFTER perceptual processes -- selective filter decides what you pass on to conscious awareness but everything is assigned meaning sensory register --> perceptual processing --> selective filter --> other cognitive processing

Answer 641

instead of complete selective filter, we have an attenuator - weakens but doesn't eliminate input from unattended ear and then assign meaning to stuff in unattended ear, just not high priority sensory register -->attenuator --> perceptual processes --> other cognitive processes

Answer 642

selective attention- takes information from 5 sense, but doesn't pay attention to everything we are aware of things on an unconscious level depends on priming

Answer 643

we have limited resources in attention | both models say something about oru ability to multitask - not very good at it

Answer 644

task similarity- harder to multitask with similar tasks Task difficulty-harder tasks require more focus ( drive in new area) Practice- activities well practiced become automatic, or things that occur without need for attention ; whether task is automatic or controlled (harder)

Answer 645

rewards/punishments for behaviors in accord with or against norms can be formal or informal

Answer 646

mildest type of norm, like manners of opening door

Answer 647

norms based on moral value/belief like not lying

Answer 648

based on right and wrong and have formal consequences

Answer 649

completely wrong in any circumstance and violation results in consequences that are extreme, like cannabilism

Answer 650

violating a norm

Answer 651

deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others that violate norms and laws- learn from observation of others

Answer 652

a behavior is deviant if people have judged that behavior and labelled it as deviant

P/S Flashcards

(677 cards)