P/S TPR Chp 4- Interacting With the Environment

Question 1

broadbent filter model of selective attention

Answer 1

inputs from the environment first enter a sensory buffer. one of these inputs is then SELECTED and filtered based on physicla characteristics of the input (sensory modality), allowing you to transform attended stimuli and discard the unattended.

Question 2

problemt with the braodbent filter model of selective attention

Answer 2

states that you have to be attending to a certain stimuli– but you can turn your attention to something you weren’t even paying attention to if you are primed– COCKTAIL part effect– an unattended channel can gain your attention if something of personal imporance comes up to you.

Question 3

3 components of working memory

Answer 3

1) phonological loop– allows us to repeat verbal info to help us remember it
2) episodic buffer– integrate info from the PL and VS with a sense of time
3) visuospatial sketchpad– allows us to repeat and recal visual info-

Question 4

stage in piaget’s theory of cognitive development in which babies do not have object permanence

Answer 4

sensorimotor stage

Question 5

stage in piagets theory of development in whch the principle of conservation is developed

Answer 5

concrete operational stage

Question 6

T/F a healthy elderly person will still have troubles recognizing someone

Answer 6

false. while certain types of memory declines occur, recognition abilities remain intact.

Question 7

what is a mental set

Answer 7

the tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past though they may not apply to the current situation

Question 8

functional fixedness

Answer 8

a tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

Question 9

alertness and arousal are controlled by structures within the brainstem known as ___ ___, which use what type of neurotransmitter?

Answer 9

RETICULAR FORMATION (reticular activating system), uses serotonin typically.

Question 10

waves emitted when a person is awake, but sleepy and relaxed

Answer 10

alpha waves

Question 11

waves emitted when a person is in REM

Answer 11

beta waves ( awake waves)

Question 12

deep sleep waves

Answer 12

delta waves

Question 13

stage 1 sleepw aves

Answer 13

theta waves

Question 14

which stage of sleep as K compexes and sleep spindles

Answer 14

stage 2. there are bursts of short and long waves of sleep a a person transitions to light sleep to deep sleep

Question 15

narcolepsy is a dysfunction in the region of the hypothalamus that produces ____.

Answer 15

hypocretin

Question 16

dyssomnia vs parasomnia

Answer 16

dyssomnia- abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep

parasomnia- abnormal BEHAVIORS that occur when someone is asleep (ex/ sleep walking)

Question 17

somnabulism

Answer 17

sleepwalking

Question 18

James lange theory of emotion

Answer 18

stimulus –> physiological response –> emotion

Question 19

cannon bard theory of emotion

Answer 19

stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological and emotional response

Question 20

schaater-singer theory of emotion

Answer 20

stimulus –> physiological response –> cognitive interpretation –> emotion

Question 21

the HPA axis

Answer 21

CRH from hypothalamus —> ACTH from anterior pituitary –> cortisol from adrenal gland

Question 22

how does cortisol change metabolic processes

Answer 22

shifts the body from using glucose as an energy source towards using fat as an energy source. This glucose-sparing effect keeps blood sugar levels high during stress situations.

Question 23

broca’s aphasia is associated with speech ____, whereas wenickes aphasia involves problems with speech ____

Answer 23

broca’s aphasia is associated with speech PRODUCTION whereas wenickes aphasia involves problems with speech COMPREHENSION

Question 24

What does DA release in the tuberoinfundibular pathway initiate?

Answer 24

Dopamine release in the tuberoinfundibular pathway inhibits prolactin release in the pituitary.

Question 25

DA release in the nigrostriatal pathway is associated with:

Answer 25

The nigrostriatal pathway is associated with motor planning and purposeful movement.

Question 26

DA realease into the mesocortical pathway is associated with:

Answer 26

The mesocortical pathway is associated with cognition, affect, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 27

DA release into the mesolimbic pathway is associated with:

Answer 27

The mesolimbic pathway is associated with reward, motivation, and many of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 28

cataplexy

Answer 28

a medical condition in which strong emotion or laughter causes a person to suffer sudden physical collapse though remaining conscious.

Question 29

what is chronotype

Answer 29

propensity for the individual to sleep at a particular time during a 24-hour period.

Question 30

Hawthorne effect

Answer 30

Changing your behavior because you know you're being watchhed

Answer 31

Morphemes are the smallest **units of meaning** in a language. Phonemes are the smallest **units of sound** in a language. For instance, in telephone there are two morphemes: tele and phone. In the same word there are seven phonemes: t, e, l, e, f, o, and n.

Question 32

Lexical access

Answer 32

Lexical access refers to identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning, which has been stored in long-term memory.

Question 33

Transformational grammar

Answer 33

Transformational grammar refers to the different ways that words can be arranged to convey the same information.

Question 34

linguistic relativity theory

Answer 34

Linguistic relativity theory states that there are significant linguistic differences between cultures. Ex/ some cultures only have one word for blue and all its shade, but in russian, they have different words for each type of shade.

Question 35

anomic aphasia

Answer 35

Anomic aphasia is characterized by problems difficulties in naming objects or in retrieving words.

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_ theory believes linguistic structure determines how and about what an individual is able to think.

Answer 36

**Whorfian theory** believes linguistic **structure** determines how and about what an individual is able to think.

Question 37

Lazarus and Folkman’s Cognitive appraisal model

Answer 37

two-way process; it involves the production of stressors by the environment, and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors. His conception regarding stress led to the theory of cognitive appraisal. - cognitive appraisal comes in two steps: 1) this is a stressor 2ndary appraisal) how do I solve this stressor/situation?