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physics > P1 > Flashcards

P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Variable that is changed

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2
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable being tested one measured during a scientific experiment

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3
Q

What is the independent variable in the investigating specific heat capacity.

A

Material

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4
Q

What is the dependent variable for the investigating specific heat capacity?

A

Specific heat capacity

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5
Q

What is the control variable for investigating specific heat capacity practical?

A

Insulating layer, initial temperature and time taken

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6
Q

What is the conservation of energy?

A

Energy can never be created or destroyed, just transferred from one to another.

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7
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of transfer of energy - the amount of work done in a given time

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8
Q

What is the equation linking power, energy transferred and time?

A

Power = energy transferred / time

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9
Q

How is energy transferred through conduction?

A

When a solid is heated the particles vibrate and collide more, energy is transferred.

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10
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Moving objects

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11
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Happens when there is a difference in temperature

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12
Q

What is elastic potential energy?

A

The energy stored in an object as a result of deformation or stretching or compression

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13
Q

What is gravitational potential energy?

A

When you are above the Earth’s surface you have potential energy stored

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14
Q

What is work done?

A

Work is done whenever energy is transferred from one store to another

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15
Q

What are the two types of work?

A

Mechanical and electrical work

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16
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

Using a force to move an object

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17
Q

What is electrical work?

A

Current transferring energy

18
Q

What is the equation for work done?

A

Work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m)

19
Q

When a car breaks what happens? (In terms of work done)

A

The brake presses on the wheel of the car creating friction. The kinetic energy store of the car is transferred to thermal energy store in the brakes. The temp of brakes increases, and the car slows down and stops. Work is being done

20
Q

What is power?

A

The rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done

21
Q

What is the equation for power with energy transferred in it?

A

Power = energy transferred (J) / time (s)

22
Q

What is the equation for power with work done?

A

Power (w) =work done (J) / time (s)

23
Q

What is the equation for efficiency using useful output energy transfer?

A

Efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer

24
Q

What is the equation for efficiency using useful power out?

A

Useful power output / total power input

25
Q

How do builders insulate walls?

A

Pack insulating material between external and internal walls. The insulating material has low, thermal conductivity.

26
Q

How do builders insulate windows?

A

Double glazed windows, which have a low thermal conductivity

27
Q

How to builders insulate roofs?

A

Loft insulation

28
Q

How else might builders insulate houses?

A

Thick walls

29
Q

What is the method for the required practical determining the specific heat capacity of vegetable oil?

A
  • Play beaker on a balance and press, zero
  • Add oil to the beaker and record the mass
  • Place thermometer and immersion heater in the oil
  • Read the starting temp of the oil
  • Wrap the beaker in insulating foam to reduce them energy transfer to the surroundings
  • Connect a joulmeter to the immersion heater and a power pack to the joulmeter
  • Leave for 30 minutes
  • Read the total number of joules of energy that passed into the immersion heater
  • read the final temp of the oil
30
Q

What is the equation for change in thermal energy?

A

Change in thermal energy (J) = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

31
Q

For the vegetable oil practical, how might you prevent thermal energy passing out of the beaker into the air?

A

Use an insulator with a lower thermal conductivity

32
Q

For the vegetable oil practical, how might you stop not all thermal energy passing into the oil

A

Ensure that immersion heater is fully submerged

33
Q

For the vegetable oil practical how do you prevent incorrect reading of the thermometer?

A

Use an electronic temperature probe

34
Q

For the vegetable oil, practical, how might you prevent thermal energy not being spread through the oil?

A

Stir the oil

35
Q

What are the three main fossil fuels?

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Gas
36
Q

Advantages of fossil fuels

A
  • Reliable, always provide energy when we need it
  • releases a great deal of energy, useful for aeroplanes
  • , the world still has plenty of it
  • Relatively cheap
  • versatile, e.g. transport, generating, electricity and heating
37
Q

Disadvantages of fossil fuels

A
  • burning them releases carbon dioxide
  • non-renewable not being replenished as we use them. Eventually will run out
  • releases other pollutants
38
Q

Advantages of nuclear power

A
  • Once a nuclear plant is running, it releases no carbon dioxide. does not contribute to climate change
  • Extremely reliable, generates a lot of electricity when we want it
39
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear power

A
  • contains highly dangerous radioactive materials. If there’s an accident, these could be released into the environment
  • Dismantling, a nuclear plant is time-consuming and extremely expensive
  • Generates large amounts of radioactive waste. This must be stored for thousands of years before it’s safe.
40
Q

Examples of renewable sources of energy

A
  • Wind power
  • Solar power
  • Hydroelectric power
  • Tidal power
  • Biofuels
  • Geothermal
  • Wave power
41
Q

Advantages of renewable energy

A
  • Never run out
    Do not add any carbon dioxide in the atmosphere once in place. Don’t contribute to climate change.
42
Q

Disadvantages of renewable sources of energy

A
  • Wind and solar unreliable some days aren’t sunny or windy
  • hydroelectric damages habitats, only useful to countries with lots of rivers not the UK
  • Wave is experimental at the moment
  • Geothermal isn’t used much in the UK
  • Biofuels, if we use land to grow crops for fuel that could push up the price of food

physics (4 decks)

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