P1

Question 1

What is the source of a river?

Answer 1

The starting point of a river

The source is typically located in highland areas where precipitation accumulates.

Question 2

What defines a drainage basin?

Answer 2

An area drained by a river

It includes all land where water drains into a particular river system.

Question 3

What is a confluence?

Answer 3

Where a smaller river joins a larger one

This is a significant feature in river systems and can affect water flow.

Question 4

Define tributary.

Answer 4

A stream or river that flows into a larger one

Tributaries contribute to the larger river’s flow and drainage basin.

Question 5

What is a watershed?

Answer 5

The boundary between two river basins

Watersheds play a crucial role in determining water flow and drainage.

Question 6

What is the long profile of a river?

Answer 6

Shows the gradient of a river from source to mouth

It illustrates how the slope changes along the river’s course.

Question 7

How does the river’s velocity change downstream?

Answer 7

The river slows down as it is joined by tributaries

This decrease in velocity can affect erosion and sediment transport.

Question 8

What is an interlocking spur?

Answer 8

Landforms created by the river’s path around harder rock

These features result in the projection of high land into the river valley.

Question 9

What are the characteristics of a river channel’s cross profile?

Answer 9

A sideway section across the river

It includes both the river and the valley holding it.

Question 10

What causes waterfalls to retreat upstream?

Answer 10

Undercutting and collapse of overhanging rock

This process leads to the formation of steep, gorge-like valleys.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: A _______ is formed when softer rock erodes faster than harder rock.

Answer 11

waterfall

Question 12

What happens during the formation of a plunge pool?

Answer 12

It develops from the undercutting of softer rock

This process is part of waterfall formation and contributes to valley shaping.

Question 13

True or False: Gorges are formed from the repeated recession of waterfalls upstream.

Answer 13

True

This process results in steep-sided gorges over time.

Question 14

What are meanders?

Answer 14

Large bends formed in a river’s course due to lateral erosion.

Question 15

What is an oxbow lake?

Answer 15

A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the river.

Question 16

What happens to the neck of land between meander bends?

Answer 16

It gets narrower until the river floods and cuts a new straight channel.

Question 17

What is the term for the line of fastest river flow?

Answer 17

Thalweg.

Question 18

What causes deposition in a river?

Answer 18

Flooding and reduced energy of the water lead to sediment deposition.

Question 19

Define flood plains.

Answer 19

Wide valley floors that are flooded during high water conditions.

Question 20

What is the source of the River Tees?

Answer 20

Cross Fell in the North Pennines.

Question 21

What kind of valley does the River Tees flow through?

Answer 21

A V-shaped valley.

Question 22

What types of rock are found in the upper course of the River Tees?

Answer 22

Limestone and dolerite.

Question 23

What is differential erosion?

Answer 23

The process where softer rock erodes faster than harder rock.

Question 24

What forms as a result of continued erosion at a waterfall?

Answer 24

A plunge pool.

Question 25

What happens to the mouth of the River Tees as it meets the North Sea?

Answer 25

It widens from 500m to approximately 2km.

Question 26

What is created by deposition at the mouth of the River Tees?

Answer 26

An area of mud and clay called seal sands.

Question 27

What is the effect of high tide on the river's valley floor?

Answer 27

Sand is deposited in the valley floor.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a natural embankment along the edges of a river channel.

Answer 28

levee

Question 29

What is the primary function of levees?

Answer 29

To build up and contain river water during floods.

Question 30

True or False: The middle course of a river generally has less energy than the upper course.

Answer 30

False.

Question 31

What happens during a flood when the ends of a meander become very close together?

Answer 31

The loop is cut off from the main channel.

Question 32

What is the significance of the Teeside Oil Terminal?

Answer 32

It allows ships to access deeper water at the mouth of the River Tees.

Question 33

What is the effect of undercutting on river banks?

Answer 33

It causes the outer bank of a bend to erode and collapse.

Question 34

What is the water cycle?

Answer 34

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth ## Footnote Key components include precipitation, infiltration, and surface runoff.

Question 35

Define precipitation.

Answer 35

Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow, or hail ## Footnote Essential for replenishing water sources.

Question 36

What is interception in the context of flooding?

Answer 36

Vegetation prevents water from reaching the ground ## Footnote This can reduce surface runoff.

Question 37

What is surface runoff?

Answer 37

Water flowing over the surface of the land into rivers ## Footnote Often increases during heavy rainfall.

Question 38

What is infiltration?

Answer 38

Water absorbed into the soil from the ground ## Footnote Critical for groundwater replenishment.

Question 39

Define transpiration.

Answer 39

Water lost through leaves of plants ## Footnote Part of the water cycle and affects moisture levels.

Question 40

List the physical causes of flooding.

Answer 40

* Prolonged and heavy rainfall * Geology * Relief ## Footnote These factors can lead to saturated soil and increased runoff.

Question 41

How does geology contribute to flooding?

Answer 41

Impermeable rocks cause surface runoff ## Footnote Limits the ability of water to infiltrate the ground.

Question 42

What role does relief play in flooding?

Answer 42

Steep-sided valleys channel water to flow quickly into rivers ## Footnote This can increase the risk of flooding.

Question 43

How does deforestation contribute to flooding?

Answer 43

Roots cannot take water from the soil, leading to saturated soil and surface runoff ## Footnote Reduces the natural absorption of water.

Question 44

What impact does urbanization have on flooding?

Answer 44

Creates impermeable surfaces that increase runoff ## Footnote Urban areas are often at higher risk for flooding.

Question 45

What are soft engineering river management schemes?

Answer 45

* Afforestation * Managed flooding ## Footnote These methods aim to reduce flood risk using natural processes.

Question 46

What is afforestation?

Answer 46

Planting trees to soak up rainwater, which reduces flood risk ## Footnote A sustainable approach to managing water.

Question 47

Define hard engineering river management schemes.

Answer 47

* Demountable flood barriers * Straightening channels * Artificial levees * Dams and reservoirs ## Footnote These methods involve constructing physical structures to control water flow.

Question 48

What does straightening a river channel do?

Answer 48

Increases velocity to remove flood water ## Footnote Can lead to more erosion downstream.

Question 49

What is the purpose of artificial levees?

Answer 49

Heightens the river so floodwater is contained ## Footnote Protects surrounding areas from flooding.

Question 50

What is a storm hydrograph?

Answer 50

Graph showing river discharge over time during a storm event ## Footnote Important for understanding flood response.

Question 51

What does peak flow/discharge indicate?

Answer 51

The highest discharge during a specific period ## Footnote Relates to the severity of flooding.

Question 52

What is the significance of Boscastle in flood management?

Answer 52

Example of flood management in a small village in Cornwall ## Footnote Implemented measures include lowering the river bed and widening the channel.

Question 53

What were some management strategies used in Boscastle?

Answer 53

* Encourage landowners to maintain vegetation * Lower river bed by 0.75m * Widen river channel upstream * New flood defense wall * Trash screen to stop boulders ## Footnote Aimed to reduce flood risk and protect properties.

Question 54

True or False: Urbanization decreases the risk of flooding.

Answer 54

False ## Footnote Urbanization typically increases flood risk due to impermeable surfaces.

Question 55

Fill in the blank: Flood management in Boscastle was implemented at a cost of _______.

Answer 55

£4.6 million ## Footnote Reflects the financial investment in flood prevention measures.