P1

Question 1

What is the difference between ‘temperature’ and ‘heat’?

Answer 1

• temperature is a measure of how hot something is (measured in degrees Celsius)
• heat is a measurement of energy (measured in joules)

Question 2

What is the definition of ‘specific heat capacity’?

Answer 2

specific heat capacity is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of material by 1degree

Question 3

What happens during melting and boiling of water?

Answer 3

the energy supplied is used to break intermolecular bonds

Question 4

What is the definition of ‘specific latent heat’?

Answer 4

specific latent heat is the amount of heat energy required to melt or boil 1kg of a material

Question 5

What is the difference between conductors and insulators?

Answer 5

• conductors allow energy to flow through them quickly

- insulators allow energy to flow through them much more slowly

Question 6

What are the 5 different methods of insulation?

Answer 6

• fibreglass (or mineral wool) roof insulation
• reflective foil on walls
• foam cavity wall insulation
• double glazing
• draught excluders

Question 7

How does fibreglass roof insulation work?

Answer 7

by trapping layers of air between the fibres

Question 8

How does reflective foil on walls work?

Answer 8

by reflecting heat energy back into the room

Question 9

How does foam cavity wall insulation work?

Answer 9

by trapping air in the foam

Question 10

How does double glazing work?

Answer 10

by trapping air between the panes of glass

Question 11

How do draught excluders work?

Answer 11

by keeping as much warm air inside as possible

Question 12

What is a ‘Sankey diagram’ and what does it show?

Answer 12

a Sankey diagram is a diagram that shows how much energy something is given and therefore how much of that energy is actually used and how much of it is wasted.
- the amount of energy that goes in will always come back out whether it is wasted or used.

Question 13

What are the different ways heat energy can be transferred?

Answer 13

• conduction
• convection
• radiation

Question 14

What is conduction?

Answer 14

this is the transfer of energy through a substance from a hotter region to a cooler region without any movement of the substance itself

Question 15

What is convection?

Answer 15

this is the transfer of heat energy from hotter regions to cooler regions by the movement of particles

• it is like a cycle, the hot air rises (say from a radiator) and then when it cools back down it falls
• this cooler air then replaces the air that has been heated and risen
• the cycle starts again

Question 16

What is radiation?

Answer 16

this is when hot object emits infrared radiation which can only be transferred when there is no medium (e.g a vacuum)
- dark mat surfaces emit more radiation than light shiny surfaces (even if both are at the same temperature) because dark surfaces are better absorbers

Question 17

What are the different features of a transverse wave?

Answer 17

• amplitude
• wavelength
• frequency

Question 18

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

Answer 18

READING MATHS IS VERY USELESS when learning EXTREME GEOGRAPHY

• radio waves
• microwaves
• infrared rays
• visible light
• ultraviolet rays
• x-rays
• gamma rays

Question 19

What is reflection?

Answer 19

waves can be reflected from multiple surfaces - ‘bounces off’

Question 20

What is refraction?

Answer 20

a wave changing direction - after the wave slows down when it passes from one medium to another

Question 21

What is diffraction? When does maximum diffraction occur?

Answer 21

as waves pass through a gap or an opening, the edges spread out - like wifi
- maximum diffraction occurs when the wavelength is the same size as the gap

Question 22

What is the angel of incidence? What is the critical angel?

Answer 22

• the angel of incidence is the angel at which infrared waves hit the boundary
• the critical angel is when the infrared rays are no longer refracted but totally internally reflected

Question 23

What are optical fibres?

Answer 23

they are long, flexible, transparent cables that are used to send information in the form of pulses of light or infrared radiation

Question 24

What is the word for ‘single colour’?

Answer 24

monochromatic

Question 25

What does 'in phase' mean?

Answer 25

this is when the crests and the troughs of waves are in sync meaning that they are more effective and can transfer more energy

Question 26

The amount of radiation that is absorbed or emitted from a surface depends on what 3 things?

Answer 26

- surface temperature - colour (black being good, white and silver being poor) - texture (dull is good, shiny is poor)

Question 27

What can microwaves be used for?

Answer 27

- heating materials - satellite communication - mobile phones - radar

Question 28

What can microwaves do?

Answer 28

- be absorbed by water and fat molecules - can penetrate 1cm into food - can cause burns when absorbed by body tissue - can travel through glass and plastic - are reflected by shiny metal surfaces

Question 29

What are infrared rays used for?

Answer 29

- heating up materials | - working remote controls

Question 30

What can infrared rays do?

Answer 30

- heat surfaces of the food in cooking - reflect off shiny surfaces - absorbed by black objects

Question 31

How do microwaves transfer energy?

Answer 31

they are absorbed by water and fat molecules in the outside layers of the food, increasing the kinetic energy of the particles. energy is then transferred to the centre of the food by convection and conduction

Question 32

How do infrared waves transfer energy?

Answer 32

they are absorbed by all of the particles on the surface of the food, increasing the kinetic energy of the particles. energy is then transferred to the centre of the food by convection and conduction

Question 33

What is the difference between analogue and digital?

Answer 33

analogue signals can have any value but digital signals only use 1's and 0's

Question 34

What is multiplexing?

Answer 34

when you send two or more digital signals down the same optical fibre at the same time - this enables more information to be sent in one go

Question 35

What is the ionosphere and what is it used for?

Answer 35

the ionosphere is an electrically charged layer in the Earth's upper atmosphere - it allows longer wavelength radio waves to reflect off it to transmit radio and television programmes between different places

Question 36

How can refraction and diffraction cause an interference with radiation in the atmosphere?

Answer 36

- refraction can cause the wave to change direction which will interfere with where it is being sent - diffraction (spreading out of the wave) can cause signal loss

Question 37

What do earthquakes cause and what can they be detected by?

Answer 37

- earthquakes cause shock waves called seismic waves | - they are detected by seismographs

Question 38

What are the 2 types of waves called?

Answer 38

- p-waves (primary waves) which are longitudinal waves: they can travel through solids and liquids - s-waves (secondary waves) which are transverse waves; they can travel through solids but not liquids - p-waves are faster than s-waves

Question 39

What is the structure of the earth?

Answer 39

- the inner core (liquid) - the outer core (liquid) - the mantle (solid) - the crust (solid)

Question 40

What are the 3 things that contribute to global warming?

Answer 40

- increased energy in homes and industry - increased carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels - deforestation

Question 41

What is the way to remember the colours?

Answer 41

VISIBLE LIGHT: - Richard (red) - Of (orange) - York (yellow) - Gained (green) - Battle (blue) - In (indigo) - Vain (violet)

Question 42

What is the ozone layer?

Answer 42

- a gas found naturally high up in the atmosphere (this prevents too many harmful ultraviolet rays reaching the Earth

Question 43

What are CFC's?

Answer 43

harmful gases that can make holes in the ozone layer