P1 CASE STUDIES

Question 1

examples of primary effects (Chile)

Answer 1

Chile
- 500 dead
- 12,000 injured
- over 800,000 affected
220,000 homes, 4500 schools, 56 hospitals and 53 ports were destroyed.
- disrupted power, water supplies and communications across Chile

Question 2

examples of secondary effects (Chile)

Answer 2

• Tsunami waves devastated towns (warnings prevented loss of life)
• a fire at the local chemical plant lead to local area being evacuated
• Landslides destroyed up to 1500KM of roads

Question 3

examples of immediate responses (Chile)

Answer 3

• field hospitals set up
• within 24 hours the north-south highway was temporarily repaired to allow aid to be transported over the Country.
• Within 10 days most homes had restored power and water.
• a national appeal raised 60 million dollars to fund 30,000 small shelters.

Question 4

examples of long term responses (Chile)

Answer 4

• the government launched a housing reconstruction plan one month after the earthquake to help nearly 200,000 families.
• chiles strong economy reduced need for foreign aid.
• took over 4 years to recover.

Question 5

examples of primary effects (Nepal)

Answer 5

Nepal
- 9000 Dead
- 19,000 injured
- over 8 million affected
- 3 million made homeless
- disrupted power, water supplies and communications across Nepal
- 7,000 schools destroyed
- hospitals and airports became congested
- 50% shops destroyed

Question 6

examples of secondary effects (Nepal)

Answer 6

• Avalanches and slides of of Mount Everest hampered the relief effort
• 19 people lost their lives on Mount Everest from avalanches.
• 250 people missing in Lang Tang region due to avalanches
• Kali Gandaki river blocked from landslides causing flood risk and people to be evacuated.
• economic decline in tourism and employment
• farms effected caused food shortages effecting food security and income loss.

Question 7

examples of immediate responses (Nepal)

Answer 7

• India and China provided 1$ billion in national aid
• 100 search and rescue responders with 3 chinooks from the UK
• GIS crisis mapping used to coordinate a response
• 500,000 tents provided for Tent city in the capital Kathmandu
• field hospitals set up

Question 8

examples of long term responses (Nepal)

Answer 8

• UK provided £73 million and 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid
• Landslides cleared and roads repaired
• Stricter building regulations put in place
• Over 7000 schools rebuilt
• Everest base camp repaired and new routes were established ( good for tourism and income)

Question 9

Describe the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 9

6,300 deaths
600,000 people forced to leave their homes
30,000 fishing boats destroyed
90% of city of Tacloban destroyed
Tacloban airport severely damaged
Infrastructure destroyed by winds
Flooding

Question 10

Describe the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 10

6 million lost jobs
Flooding caused landslides, blocking roads meaning aid was hindered
Power cut off
Difficulty receiving aid as a result of damaged infrastructure
Outbreaks of disease due to poor sanitation and shortages of shelter and water.
Looting and violence broke out

Question 11

Describe the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 11

Aid agencies donated food, water and shelter quickly
US aircrafts helped with search and rescue
1,200 evacuation centres were set up
The UK provided Shelter Boxes which provided equipment to set up make-shift homes
The Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food packages

Question 12

Describe the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 12

Infrastructure was rebuilt e.g. bridges and airport
Charities helped to replace fishing boats which is a crucial source of income for many citizens
‘Cash for Work’ programmes paid people to clean up debris
Homes rebuilt away from flood prone areas
Rice farming was quickly restored to ensure food production and a source of income

Question 13

what were the causes of the beast from the east?

Answer 13

Polar vortex disruption - cold arctic air was forced to spill out over Europe from Siberia

High pressure system - this prevented typical flow of milder Atlantic air

Weather patterns - a mixture of cold Siberian air and moist air from the Atlantic resulted in heavy snowfall and freezing conditions

Question 14

what were the social impacts of the beast from the east?

Answer 14

Health risks - increased cases of frostbite, hypothermia particularly effecting the elderly and the vulnerable.

Disruption to daily life - schools businesses and public services were forced to close down

Transport chaos - road and rail travel were affected by snow and ice causing accidents, delays and cancellations

Question 15

what were the economic impacts of the beast from the east?

Answer 15

Transport disruption - cold conditions caused damage and delays leading to millions in loss of productivity
loss of productivity - many workers were unable to commute leading to a decrease in work force productivity.
Agricultural damage - livestock were affected from the cold and the lack of provisions from farmers who access there cattle. also a loss of crops due to the harsh conditions leading to a decrease in yield and overall decrease in profit for the agricultural sector.

Question 16

what were the environmental impacts of the beast form the east?

Answer 16

1. Severe Snowfall: Accumulations of snow led to damage to buildings and power lines, as well as blocked roads and pathways. this also lead to damage of habitats.
2. Water Supply Issues: Pipes froze and burst in several areas, leading to temporary water shortages and the need for emergency repairs.
3. Wildlife Disruption: The cold weather affected wildlife, with some species struggling to find food and shelter, leading to increased mortality in certain areas causing a decrease in biodiversity.

Question 17

what were the responses to the beast from the east??

Answer 17

1. Emergency Services: The UK government and local authorities deployed emergency measures, including snowplough’s, gritters, and temporary shelters for the homeless.
2. Public Safety Alerts: Weather warnings were issued, urging the public to stay indoors and avoid unnecessary travel.
3. Support for Vulnerable Populations: Charities and community groups provided aid, including warm clothing and food, to those most affected.
4. Infrastructure Adaptations: The event highlighted the need for improved infrastructure, such as better insulation for water pipes and more robust snow clearance strategies.

Question 18

what were the causes of the July 2022 heatwave?

Answer 18

1. High-Pressure System: A persistent high-pressure system over the UK led to prolonged sunny and dry conditions, trapping heat in the atmosphere.
2. Jet Stream Shift: The jet stream shifted further north than usual, preventing cooler air from the Atlantic from reaching the UK.
3. Climate Change: Long-term climate warming increased the likelihood of such extreme temperatures. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, have intensified global warming, making heatwaves more frequent and severe.

Question 19

what were the social impacts of the July 2022 heatwave?

Answer 19

1. Health Risks: Increased cases of heatstroke, dehydration, and respiratory problems, especially among vulnerable groups such as the elderly and young children.
2. Disruption to Daily Life: Schools closed or reduced hours due to unsafe temperatures, and public transport services were heavily disrupted as rail lines buckled under the heat.
3. Increased Mortality: Excess deaths were recorded, particularly among individuals with pre-existing health conditions.

Question 20

what were the economic impacts of the July 2022 heat wave?

Answer 20

1. Transport Disruption: Damage to rail infrastructure and road surfaces caused delays and cancellations, affecting businesses and commuters.
2. Loss of Productivity: Businesses experienced reduced productivity as workers struggled with high indoor temperatures and travel disruptions.
3. Impact on Agriculture: Crops such as wheat and barley were affected by the dry conditions, leading to reduced yields and financial losses for farmers.

Question 21

what were the environmental impacts of the July 2022 heat wave?

Answer 21

1. Wildfires: Several wildfires broke out in areas like London and Yorkshire, destroying habitats and property.
2. Water Shortages: Increased water usage during the heatwave strained supplies, leading to hosepipe bans in some regions.
3. Damage to Ecosystems: High temperatures affected wildlife, with fish deaths reported in rivers and ponds due to low oxygen levels in the water.

Question 22

what were the responses to the July 2022 heat wave?

Answer 22

1. Emergency Measures: Local authorities issued heat-health alerts and opened cooling centres for vulnerable populations.
2. Transport Adjustments: Rail operators imposed speed restrictions to reduce the risk of track damage and accidents.
3. Public Awareness Campaigns: The government and health agencies provided advice on staying hydrated, avoiding travel during peak heat, and caring for vulnerable individuals.
4. Long-Term Strategies: The event prompted discussions on improving infrastructure resilience, such as heat-resistant rail tracks and urban cooling strategies like green roofs and tree planting.

Question 23

what effects does logging have on the amazon rainforest?

Answer 23

• this accounts for 3%. Timber companies are interested in trees such as mahogany and teak and sell them to other countries to make furniture (selective logging).
• Smaller trees are often used as wood for fuel or made into charcoal. Vast areas of rainforest are cleared in one go (clear felling)

Question 24

what effects does mineral extraction have on the amazon rainforest?

Answer 24

The Amazon is rich in Gold
- in 1999 10,000 hectares of land being used for Gold mining
- it is currently 50,0000 hectares

Question 25

what effects does **energy development** have on the **amazon** rainforest?

Answer 25

- An unlimited supply of water and ideal river conditions have encourage dams to be built to generate hydroelectric power. the Balbina dam - this dam was built in the 1980's and during its production it flooded large areas of the rain forest, destroying thousands of habitats and displacing tribes. - The dam is the least efficient in Brazil in terms of the area flooded for each megawatt generated.

Question 26

what effects does **commercial farming** have on the **amazon** rainforest?

Answer 26

- This accounts for 80% of tropical rainforest destruction in Brazil. However, the land cannot be used for long. - The cultivation of soy bean has also caused a lot of clearance in the Amazon. The amount of rainforest cleared for this crop doubled between 1990 and 2010. - Growing sugar cane is a bio fuel beginning to become a major crop.

Question 27

what effects does **road building** have on the **amazon** rainforest?

Answer 27

- The Trans-Amazonian highway began construction in 1972 and is 4000km long. - It has played a major part in opening up remote areas of the Amazon.

Question 28

what are the impacts of **deforestation** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 28

Global warming Loss of biodiversity Local climate change Soil erosion and fertility River pollution Decline of indigenous (native) tribes

Question 29

what are the impacts of **global warming** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 29

trees burnt = the carbon stored in the wood returns to the atmosphere. felled trees = less CO2 removed from the atmosphere

Question 30

what are the impacts of **loss of biodiversity** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 30

- individual species will become endangered or extinct (It is estimated that 137 plant, animal and insect species are being lost every day. This amounts to 50,000 species a year. ) - loss of many cures and medicines for life threatening diseases. - New research shows that parts of the Amazon could lose between 30 and 45% of their species by 2030.

Question 31

what are the impacts of **local climate change** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 31

deforestation disrupts the water cycle this means there will be less rainfall and the temperatures will increase this will be most impactful on farming

Question 32

what are the impacts of **soil erosion** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 32

when the forest is cleared, the soil is more susceptible to leaching. leaching leads to infertile soil from infiltration if the soil is infertile, there is little hope of anything growing

Question 33

what are the impacts of **river pollution** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 33

the mercury used during gold mining enters the rivers this poisons the fish and people living in near by towns

Question 34

what are the impacts of **decline in tribes** on the Amazon rainforest?

Answer 34

There are now only around 240 tribes left compared with over 330 in 1900. Many have been forced out due to the construction of infrastructure, logging, and the creation of ranches and the opening of mines.

Question 35

Name an example of a river valley in the UK

Answer 35

River Severn

Question 36

Where is the River Severn?

Answer 36

In the North West of Wales

Question 37

Where is the **mouth** of the River Severn?

Answer 37

Bristol channel, western super mare

Question 38

Where is the **source** of the River Severn?

Answer 38

Plynlimon Hills

Question 39

Name a example of a flood management scheme in the UK

Answer 39

Banbury on the river Cherwell

Question 40

Why does the town of Banbury need a flood management scheme?

Answer 40

the town was destroyed in 1998 and has been flooded again since. caused £12.5 million in damage 350 people forced to evacuate however no one died.

Question 41

What was done to **manage** flooding in Banbury?

Answer 41

1. **Road A361 has been raised** - prevents floods from disrupting traffic 2. **Afforestation in local towns near to the river and the storage sights** - this increases the intake of water through infiltration to reduce the risk of flash flooding. 3. **Improved existing flood defences** - embankments and flood walls have been constructed near areas or importance. 4. **Flood water storage and gates set up** - can hold up to 1200 Olympic size swimming pools of water and the gates can closed if high rainfall is forecast to prevent flash flooding. 5. **A pumping station has been built** - this pumps any flood water away from the town.

Question 42

Describe the **social** **issues** (+ and -) arising from the Banbury flood management scheme

Answer 42

**+** Local people less worried about the risk. **+** new foot paths and parks to improve QoL **+** reduced traffic disruption

Question 43

Describe the **economic** **issues** (+ and -) arising from the Banbury flood management scheme

Answer 43

**-/+** 441 houses and 73 commercial properties are protected. **-/+** property value increase due to the decrease in risk. **-** Cost of the scheme was £18.5million **-** Frontier park, an industrial estate, may still flood.

Question 44

Describe the **environmental** **issues** (+ and -) arising from the Banbury flood management scheme

Answer 44

**+** The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) has resulted in planting trees and hedgerows and constructing ponds. **+** The reservoir provides a temporary habitat for waterbirds. **+** Part of the floodplain will be left to flood if river levels get too high. **-** The concrete apertures are unnatural in the landscape. **-** Around 100,000 tonnes of earth were required to make the embankment resulting in some habitat destruction.

Question 45

Name an **example** of a UK coastline that has major erosional and depositional landforms

Answer 45

Dorset coast

Question 46

Name some coastal features you would find at the Dorset coast

Answer 46

1. Arch - Durdle Door 2. Bay - Swanage Bay and Studland Bay 3. Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump - Old Harry 4. Bar and Lagoon - Chesil Beach and Fleet Lagoon

Question 47

Name a coastline that is at risk of erosion and has coastal management strategies in place.

Answer 47

The Holderness Coast

Question 48

**Why** is the **Holderness** **Coast** at risk of coastal erosion?

Answer 48

* Strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift that moves material south along the coastline. * The cliffs are made of a soft boulder clay.

Question 49

Why does the Holderness coast need protecting?

Answer 49

* Fast eroding cost (nearly 2m lost each year) * Strong prevailing winds carries sediment south * Made of soft boulder clay * Lots of towns along the coastline * Important gas terminal located there

Question 50

What management strategies are being used at **Holderness**?

Answer 50

**Mappleton** - rock armour along base of cliffs and rock groynes to trap sediment **Hornsea** - sea wall and groynes **Withernsea** - sea wall, groynes and rock armour

Question 51

What are the **impacts** of the **management** of the **Holderness** **coast**?

Answer 51

**+** Mappleton is successfully protected from erosion **-** Towns south of Mappleton have lost sediment due to groynes, therefore they are experiencing increased erosion **-** Increased need to protecting at the Easington Gas terminal which has cost £6 million

Question 52

Name a managed retreat scheme?

Answer 52

Medmerry near Chichester, West Sussex

Question 53

Why was the Medmerry managed rertreat scheme needed?

Answer 53

* Low lying flat land used for farming and caravans was threatened by a sea wall needing repair * Building a new sea wall was a very expensive option * As the land was of low value it was decided to allow the sea to flood the land

Question 54

What will the Medmerry managed retreat scheme create?

Answer 54

* A large natural salt marsh acting as a buffer with the sea * This will protect surronding farmland and the caravan park * Creates a valuable wildlife habitat which is attractive to visitors

Question 55

What have been the **impacts** of cliff management at Mappleton?

Answer 55

* The rock groynes have stopped beach material being moved south from Mappleton along the coast. * However, this has increased erosion south of Mappleton. Benefits in one area might have a negative effect on another.