P1: identity

Question 1

ethnicity and identity: Gilroy

Answer 1

looked at young black people an their shared experiences of racism and powerlessness, he said this means they can create their own identity. “Black Atlantics”.

Question 2

Spencer:

Answer 2

found many ethnic minorities are white, with ethnic origins. he found evidence that showed they had similar issues of resentment and racism so they sent little time socialising with British people because ‘ the don’t let others in their circle’

Question 3

Cashmere and Troyna:

Answer 3

argue ethnic minorities ‘turn inwards’ to support each other as a way or protection therefore their identity, culture and religion are strengthened.

Question 4

Jacobson:

Answer 4

young muslim form a strong identity as a response to the exclusion they feel from the rest of society. they tend to form a completely different identity to others in the UK society, which then leads to then removing themselves further away from the ethnic minority group.

Question 5

Hewitt:

Answer 5

Multiculturalism. when policies have been put in place to achieve equality but white wc see this as unfair to the whit community, and puts them under pressure economically. ethnic minorities are favoured and get special treatment.

Question 6

criticism- Postmodernists:

Answer 6

say due to globalisation and media, people are creating their own identities. hybrid identities start with people choosing their own identities and shaping it themselves.

Question 7

Nationality and identity: Anderson

Answer 7

argues that a ‘nation’ is an imagined community. identity of a country is expressed yhotugh supporting a nations team ins sprout, pride in flag and anthem.

Question 8

Sadar: Changing identities

Answer 8

believe the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis. Britain is loosing its empire and feeling small in the global world.

Question 9

response to globalisation: Hall

Answer 9

agreed coutnires will display different reactions to globalisation: cultural homogenisation, cultural hybridity and cultural resistance

Question 10

what is cultural homogeneous?

Answer 10

may accept global culture and become similar to other coutnries

Question 10

what is cultural homogeneous

Answer 10

may accept global culture and become similar to other coutnries

Question 11

what is cultural hybridity?

Answer 11

merging together of tow or more aspects from different cultures e.g fashion, music

Question 12

what is cultural hybridity?

Answer 12

take in some parts of global culture alongside their tradition

Question 13

what is cultural resistance?

Answer 13

may resist global culture, fiercely protect their culture heritage as they are becoming more traditional and nationalistic.

Question 14

Gender and identity: Wilson

Answer 14

the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous. “spreading the seed”. women need to nutrue a child and stay faithful to the father of their child.

Question 15

Parsons: gender and identity

Answer 15

female have an “expressive” role in the family. this is based on their ability to carry and give birth to children. Men have an “instrumental role in the family. the breadwinner and protector.

Question 16

feminists:gender and identity

Answer 16

say gender identity is socially constructed and done by patriarchal society. links to Mulvey and male gaze.

Question 17

Mac and Ghaill: gender

Answer 17

explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school. he found that power was the main source of identity for the macho lads. the 3F’s: Fighting, Football and fucking

Question 18

Jackson+ Laddettes

Answer 18

found that some girls “ladettes” also spent time drinking, smoking, swearing and dirupting lessons for a fear of being unpopular or uncool.

Question 18

Jackson+ Laddettes

Answer 18

found that some girls “ladettes” also spent time drinking, smoking, swearing and dirupting lessons for a fear of being unpopular or uncool.

Question 19

Mac and Ghaill: crisis of masculinity

Answer 19

insecurities felt by wc men today. there is a loss in breadwinner identity, with a decline in tradition male industries. this showed that men had no longer felt they had the power.

Question 20

Canaan: changing masculine identity

Answer 20

researched WC men in Wolverhampton. asked them what is the most important thing about being a man. gave predictable responses: fighting, drinking and sexual conquests.

Question 21

sexuality and identity: Mclntosh

Answer 21

says homosexual male involves certain expectations or characteristics, feminism mannerisms: high voice, attention to appearance. she argued once a male has accepted the label he will start to fulfil the label.

Question 22

Rich

Answer 22

argue women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society. for example through things like marriage, rape and sexual objectification. women are socialised into a heterosexual role and it is forced upon them. also argues that a strong lesbian identity causes a threat to male dominance.

Question 23

criticism of sexuality and identity

Answer 23

homosexual idenities are becoming more popular and accepted within the wider community. it is no longer seen as a illness to be homosexual and there have been laws that have passed that have accepted things like same sex marriages+ civil partnerships, as well as it is against the law to discriminate against someones sexual orientation

Question 24

Age and identity: Childhood

Answer 24

period of innocence and dependency. -some children will be working, or fighting in the army at a young age. -aswell as marriages may be considered for those of the age of 12 or 13 for girls in some cultures.

Question 25

Youth:

Answer 25

youth is socially constucted, transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. seen as a time for rebellion and resistance. some cultures don't have this period of childhood (Hamar Tribe). also a time to gain independence

Question 26

Young adulthood/ middle age:

Answer 26

usually seen as a negative time as it is moving away from the youth stage and is known for a "mid-life crisis" . youth is lost and old age becomes closer.

Question 27

Young adulthood/ middle age:

Question 28

old age:

Answer 28

retirement age. in uk culture youth is admired but being old represent deterioration. some members of this community fear of being a burden as this is a time of ill health and dependency.

Question 29

social class and identity: underclass

Answer 29

the very bottom of society. the rely of welfare dependency from the government. they have created a culture where they don't take responsibility for their actions and rely on others to support them. creates this "feckless behaviour"

Question 30

Working class:

Answer 30

form the majority of society, usually hard working, straight talking and "salt-of-the-earth"

Question 31

what does Hutton say about the WC identity?

Answer 31

the decline in trade union memberships/ jobs.

Question 32

what does Skeggs say about the WC identity?

Answer 32

WC women felt humiliated by the ways other judges and dimissed them due to their WC background. as a result of this they made ore of an effort to prove them wrong, by changing their dress, leisure, home decorations. as they wanted to be seen as more respectable.

Question 33

Upper class:

Answer 33

those with inherited wealth.

Question 34

what do Mackintosh and Mooney say about they Upper class

Answer 34

they key feature of this group is their invisibility. "social closure". their daily lives are separated from the rest of society. However there has been a decline in the "super-rich" identity.

Question 35

Middle Class:

Answer 35

those with managerial job roles. tend to be university educated and own their own homes.

Question 36

what does Fox say about Middle class identity?

Answer 36

talks about the "upper-middle, middle-middle and lower-middle" to show the differences in the middle class. he also says there's a big difference between public and private sector jobs.

Question 37

Disability and identity: what is the social model

Answer 37

focuses on social and physical barrier to the exclusions of those with disabilities. includes: design or buildings in public spaces that deny those with mobility problems access. says disability is socially constructed. Shakespeare argues that disabled people are socialised to see themselves as inferior.

Question 38

what is the medical model:

Answer 38

sees disability as a medical issue and focuses on the imitation caused by the impairment. leads to "victim blaming mentality" where the problem lies with he disabled indivula rather than in society.

Question 39

Rich

Answer 39

argue women's sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society. for example through things like marriage, rape and sexual objectification. women are socialised into a heterosexual role and it is forced upon them. also argues that a strong lesbian identity causes a threat to male dominance.

Question 39

what does Shakespeare say about disability?

Answer 39

dibbled people are socialised into seeing themselves as the victim, and there has been creation in the victim mentality.

Question 39

criticism of sexuality and identity

Answer 39

homosexual idenities are becoming more popular and accepted within the wider community. it is no longer seen as a illness to be homosexual and there have been laws that have passed that have accepted things like same sex marriages+ civil partnerships, as well as it is against the law to discriminate against someones sexual orientation

Question 39

Mac and Ghaill: crisis of masculinity

Answer 39

insecurities felt by wc men today. there is a loss in breadwinner identity, with a decline in tradition male industries. this showed that men had no longer felt they had the power.

Question 39

Canaan: changing masculine identity

Answer 39

researched WC men in Wolverhampton. asked them what is the most important thing about being a man. gave predictable responses: fighting, drinking and sexual conquests.

Question 39

what is cultural hybridity?

Answer 39

take in some parts of global culture alongside their tradition

Question 39

sexuality and identity: Mclntosh

Answer 39

says homosexual male involves certain expectations or characteristics, feminism mannerisms: high voice, attention to appearance. she argued once a male has accepted the label he will start to fulfil the label.