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Pro Physics > P1,P2,P3 > Flashcards

P1,P2,P3 Flashcards

1
Q

1 KW = ? KWH

A

1 KW = 1 KWH

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2
Q

3 advantages of nuclear power

A
  • Doesnt contribute to climate change
  • Low fuel costs
  • Very large amounts of energy for small quantites of fuel
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3
Q

3 main fossil fuels are

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Natural gas
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4
Q

3 problems with renewable energy resources

A
  • politics can interfere
  • they cost more
  • they are less reliable
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5
Q

4 methods of energy transfer

A
  • heat
  • waves
  • mechanical work
  • electrical work
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6
Q

An advantage of using fossil fuels?

A

Easy to obtain

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7
Q

Describe the energy change when a ball is thrown upwards and then returns to its original position.

A
  • upwards KE is converted to GPE
  • peak: maximum GPE, zero KE
  • Downwards GPE is converted to KE
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8
Q

Disadvantage of geothermal power

A
  • Location dependent
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9
Q

Disadvantages of hydroelectricity

A
  • visual pollution
  • destruction of habits
  • disrupts flow of river
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10
Q

Examples of renewable energy resources

A
  • The Sun
  • Wind
  • Water waves
  • Geothermal
  • Biofuels
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11
Q

Explain the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels

A
  • Carbon dioxide released causes global warming
  • Sulphur dioxide can lead to acid rain, damaging habitats and crops
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12
Q

Explain why a bungee cord jumper slows down the the cord stretches

A

KE decreases as it’s converted to elastic potential energy since KE is proportional to (velocity)^2
as KE decreases so does velocity

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13
Q

For the same braking force, explains what happens to the braking distance if the speed doubles.

A
  • doubling speed increases the kinetic energy
  • kinetic energy increases by a factor of 4 (2^2)
  • work done (by brakes) to stop the car increases
  • work done is force × distance and braking force is constant
  • so if work done increases by 4 then the braking distance must increase by 4
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14
Q

Give 3 reasons why a toaster is only 65% efficient

A
  • sound energy is wasted
  • light energy is wasted
  • kinetic energy is wasted
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15
Q

Give one reason why electricity use had decreased in the past decade

A

Household appliances have become more energy efficient

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16
Q

How can the efficiency of a machine with moving parts be improved?

A

Lubricate any moving parts to reduce friction and therefore energy loss due to heating

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17
Q

How can the efficiency of a radiator be improved?

A

Installing metal foil sheets behind the radiator to reflect the heat back into the room

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18
Q

How can the rate of energy transfer from houses be reduced?

A
  • loft insulation
  • cavity wall insulation
  • double glazed windows
  • aluminium foil behind radiator
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19
Q

How can you reduce the energy transfer in any given situation?

A
  • thermal conductivity should be low as possible
  • the thickness of the insulating layer should be as thick as possible
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20
Q

How do cavity wall insulation (gaps of air between inside and outside walls) reduce heat transfer?

A
  • air is a poor conductor of heat
  • it reduces heat transfer by conduction
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21
Q

How does the mass of an object, affect the time it takes for that object to heat up?

A

the greater the mass of the object the more slowly it’s temperature increases

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22
Q

How is energy transferred as a ball falls to the ground?

A

As the ball falls towards the ground, its gravitational potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

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23
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted/transferred from one form to another.

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24
Q

Lubricating certain machines or bikes reduces which type of force?

A

friction

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25
Q

Name 2 main useful energy transfers that take place in the washing machine

A
  • electrical to thermal
  • electrical to kinetic
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26
Q

On a rollercoaster, gravitational energy is transferred to which other two energy stores?

A

Thermal and kinetic

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27
Q

State the units for specific heat capacity

A

J/C/Kg

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28
Q

Suggest where the highest rate of unwanted energy transfer occurs in the house

A

Roof

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29
Q

Types of energy stores

A
  • kinetic energy
  • internal energy
  • elastic potential energy
  • gravitational potential energy
  • electrical energy
  • magnetic energy
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30
Q

What are the two main nuclear fuels?

A

Uranium and plutonium are the two most common nuclear fuels.

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31
Q

What can efficiency never be greater than?

A

100%

32
Q

What century did the UK see an increased demand in electricity usage?

A

20th

33
Q

What does the amount of kinetic energy an object has depend upon?

A
  • the mass of the object
  • the speed of the object
34
Q

What does the energy transfer per second of a material depend on?

A
  • temperature across material
  • thickness of material
  • thermal conductivity of material
35
Q

What energy transfer happens in many musical instruments?

A

Kinetic to sound

36
Q

What happens to the amount of infrared radiation that is emitted from an object, if the temperature increases?

A
  • higher the temperature of an object, the more infraed radiation more given time
37
Q

What happens to the GPE of an object when it moves up/down?

A

GPE increases when up and decreases when down

38
Q

What is a biofuel?

A

A biofuel is any fuel taken from living or recently living organisms.

39
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A closed system is a system in which no energy transfers take place and no energy can enter or leave, meaning the net change in the total energy is zero.

40
Q

What is a renewable energy resource?

A

A renewable energy resource is one that is replenished as it is used

41
Q

What is a system?

A

An object or group of objects

42
Q

What is an electrical insulator?

A

A material that doesn’t allow electric currents to pass through it

43
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. This energy can be transferred during chemical reactions and can be found in foods, fuels or batteries.

44
Q

What is conduction?

A

Conduction is the process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles.

45
Q

What is convection?

A

The transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of a fluid

46
Q

What is dissispation?

A

The process of energy being transferred, or lost, to the surroundings.

47
Q

What is elastic potential energy?

A

Elastic potential energy refers to the energy stored in a spring object when it is stretched or squashed.

48
Q

What is gravitational potential energy?

A

Gravitational potential energy is energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field. e.g An object above the ground

49
Q

What is Hooke’s law?

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

50
Q

What is input and output energy?

A

Input​ refers to the amount of energy put into a device, and ​output​ refers to the amount of energy that comes out.

51
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.

52
Q

What is power the rate of?

A

Energy transfer or work done

53
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1 degrees Celsius.

54
Q

What is the main energy transfer for a long-distance runner?

A

Chemical energy —-> Kinetic energy

55
Q

What is the main energy transfer in a rollercoaster?

A

Gravitational potential to kinetic

56
Q

What is the main type of energy transfer in a catapult?

A

Elastic potential to kinetic

57
Q

What is the main useful energy transfer that happens in cars?

A

The main useful type of energy transfer that happens in cars is chemical (in the fuel) to kinetic to turn the wheels.

58
Q

What is the unit of latent heat of vaporisation?

A

J/kg

59
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Thermal energy stores refer to the energy a substance has due to its temperature.
e.g Heat

60
Q

What is useful energy?

A

Useful energy is energy transferred to where it is wanted in the way that it is wanted.

61
Q

What is wasted energy?

A

Wasted energy is energy that is not usefully transferred. e.g Heat caused by friction

62
Q

What is work done always equal to?

A

Energy transferred

63
Q

What kind of energy stores are the waves and tides of the sea?

A

Kinetic

64
Q

What methods of heat transfer can occur in a vacuum?

A

Radiation

65
Q

What property of an object is a measure of the energy in the kinetic stores of its particles?

A

Temperature

66
Q

What proportion of energy in the UK comes from fossil fuels?

A

3/4

67
Q

What type of energy do batteries store and what do they convert it to?

A

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy

68
Q

What type of energy is stored within fossil fuels?

A

Chemical

69
Q

Where does the energy come from in geothermal power stations?

A

The energy that is used in geothermal power stations comes from the Earth’s hot core.

70
Q

Which renewable energy source relies on their being volcanic activity close to the surface?

A

Geothermal energy

71
Q

Which type of appliance would convert electrical energy into sound energy?

A

A speaker

72
Q

Which type of fossil fuel power station has the shortest start-up time?

A

Gas

73
Q

Why does the energy demand in the UK spike during 6pm and 9pm?

A

During those times most families are at home using lights, electrical devices and heating

74
Q

Why is wood considered a renewable resource, while coal is considered non-renewable?

A

Wood can be replenished (grown in the form of trees).

75
Q
A

Pro Physics (14 decks)

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