P.1 Section A (2)

Question 1

what is the definition of climate change?

Answer 1

a long-term change in the earth’s climate , especially a change due to

Question 2

what are the glacial periods?

Answer 2

when ice covered most of Europe and North America

Question 3

what are the inter-glacial periods?

Answer 3

when the temperature was warmer and the glacial retreat/ shrink

Question 4

give 4 pieces of evidence for climate change.

Answer 4

The UK’s 10 warmest years have occurred since 1990
- 2018 was the hottest summer on record
- extreme cold events are becoming more severe: Dec 2010 was the coldest month ever
- major flooding event have become more frequent over past 10 years: Dec 2015 was the wettest month —> caused flooding in many areas

Question 5

give 2 evidence for climate change

Answer 5

Tree ring and ice cores

Question 6

How are ice cores used as evidence for climate change?

Answer 6

tests air trapped in the ice, higher CO2 = higher temperature

Question 7

How are tree rings used as evidence for climate change?

Answer 7

Every year trees grows and leaves a ring,
- thicker ring = warmer and wetter climate as it was able to grow
- thin ring = drier and colder climate

Question 8

what are the 3 natural climate change theories?

Answer 8

1.volcanic activity ( eruption theory)
2. solar activity ( sunspot theory)
3. orbital changes

Question 9

how does the eruption theory affect the temperature?

Answer 9

When a volcano erupts ash and dust is produced —> they rise and spread in the stratosphere and are spread bu winds —> these particles increase the albedo which reflects solar radiation back into space —> this can have the cooling effect upon the earth.

Question 10

what is albedo?

Answer 10

reflectivity

Question 11

how long does the cooling effect last?

Answer 11

round a year until it stabalises

Question 12

what is the cooling effect

Question 13

what eruption happened in 1992? what did it cause?

Answer 13

Mt Pinatubo (Philippines)
- caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.5 degrees celcius

Question 14

a global warming impact can take place as a result of …

Answer 14

high amounts of greenhouse gases that are released during the eruptiom

Question 15

what are sunspots?

Answer 15

small black dots/spots on the sun, that indicate a period of greater solar activity, where the sun is emitting more energy as light or heat than usual

Question 16

how long does the sunspot cycle last for?

Answer 16

every 11 years

Question 17

what are the Milankovitch cycles?

Answer 17

a cycle lasting over 100,000 years includes: Eccentricity, Axial tilt and Precession
- they alter the amount of sunlight received

Question 18

what is eccentricity?

Answer 18

the earth’s orbit of the sun (the path is takes) changes between being circular and elliptical (oval shaped)

Question 19

Orbital theory: what is axial tilt?

Answer 19

the earth’s rotational axis changes
- sometimes it’s vertical and sometimes it’s on a diagonal slant

Question 20

Orbital theory: What is precession?

Answer 20

when sometimes the earth’s axis wobble like a spinning top

Question 21

how long does eccentricity last for?

Answer 21

over 100,000 years

Question 22

how long does axial tilt last for?

Answer 22

41,000 years

Question 23

how long does precession last for?

Answer 23

19- 23,000 years

Question 24

what does anthropogenic causes of climate change mean?

Answer 24

it means human causes of climate change

Question 25

what are the 3 human causes of climate change?

Answer 25

fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation

Question 26

what are fossil fuels?

Answer 26

coal, gas and oil

Question 27

How do fossil fuels effect climate change?

Answer 27

burning fossil fuels release CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere---> this causes more warming as more solar radiation is trapped in the atmosphere

Question 28

what is agriculture?

Answer 28

farming and rearing cattle

Question 29

what are fossil fuels used for?(5)

Answer 29

transportation, building, heating homes, manufacturing industries, burnt in power stations to generate electricity

Question 30

what % do fossil fuels account for in majority of global green house gases?

Answer 30

over 50%

Question 31

why are levels of fossil fuels and CO2 increasing?

Answer 31

as the worlds population and wealth increases people are demanding for more energy ---> this increases the level of fossil fuels and CO2

Question 32

how does agriculture effect climate change (2)?

Answer 32

1.contributes to approx 20% of green house gas emissions 2. produces large volumes of methane

Question 33

produce 2 ways methane is produced?

Answer 33

1. cattle produce methane during digestion 2. microbes produce it as they decay organic matter under the water of flooded rice paddy fields

Question 34

what is deforestation

Answer 34

the clearing of forests on a huge scale

Question 35

how much acres/ hectares of forest is lost each year according to United Nations Food and Agriculture Organistion?

Answer 35

an estimated 18 million acres/ 7.3 million hectares

Question 36

how does deforestation affect climate change?

Answer 36

during photosynthesis, trees absorb CO2 ---> this reduces the amount of CO2 in atmosphere ---> meaning enhanced greenhouse gases contribute to rapid climate change - deforestation leaves fewer trees to absorb the CO2

Question 37

what happens when trees are slashed or burnt?

Answer 37

the CO2 that has been stored in the tree is released which contributes to climate change

Question 38

what is climate mitigation?

Answer 38

the efforts to cut or prevent emissions of greenhouse gases, limiting the magnitude of future farming

Question 39

what is climate adaptation?

Answer 39

methods which adjust the way we live to deal with the consequences of climate change

Question 40

give 4 mitigation strategies for climate change.

Answer 40

1. alternative energy 2. Carbon Capture and Storage 3. Planting trees ( Afforestation) 4. International Agreements

Question 41

what is the method of using alternative energy?

Answer 41

using renewable energy sources such as: wind, solar, tidal and nuclear energy - mitigation

Question 42

what is an advantage of using alternative energy?

Answer 42

renewable energy doesn't run out and is sustainable

Question 43

what is a disadvantage of using alternative energy?

Answer 43

most renewable energy relies on climate and day to day weather e.g solar

Question 44

what % does burning fossil fuels produce of CO2 emissions

Answer 44

87%

Question 45

what does nuclear power uses to generate electricity?

Answer 45

Uranium

Question 46

what % of electricity does the UK generate through renewable energy?

Answer 46

39%

Question 47

what is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?

Answer 47

uses technology to capture CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels and buries it underground

Question 48

Explain the method of CCS?

Answer 48

1.Once CO2 is captured, the carbon gas is compressed and transported by pipeline to an injection well. 2. It is injected as a liquid into the ground to be suitable geological reservoirs such as sedimentary rocks as this prevents it from escaping

Question 49

who is the world leader in CCS?

Answer 49

the UK

Question 50

How much money could the UK save a year by meeting it's climate target?

Answer 50

£30 billion

Question 51

How much CO2 can CCS capture?

Answer 51

up to 90%

Question 52

what are 2 disadvantages of CCS?

Answer 52

- it is expensive - unclear if the CO2 remains underground

Question 53

what % of electricity does China get from burning coal?

Answer 53

80%

Question 54

what % of electricity does India get from burning coal?

Answer 54

70%

Question 55

what % of electricity does USA get from burning coal?

Answer 55

50%

Question 56

what is affroestation?

Answer 56

planting trees

Question 57

How does afforestation help reduce climate change?

Answer 57

trees acts as carbon sinks by removing CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis

Question 58

how do trees have a cooling effect?

Answer 58

they release moisture into the atmosphere. This has a cooling effect by producing more cloud, reducing incoming solar radiation

Question 59

how much money has the US invested into reforestation? between what years?

Answer 59

$40 billion between 2010 and 2015 - could increase forest carbon storage by 28%

Question 60

what is an advantage of afforestation?

Answer 60

it reduces CO2 emissions

Question 61

what is a disadvantage of afforestation?

Answer 61

it is expensive

Question 62

what is international agreements?

Answer 62

world leaders coming together to form an agreement

Question 63

what was the Kyoto Protocol the 1st to become?

Answer 63

the first international treaty to become law -2005

Question 64

what happened at the Kyoto Protocol

Answer 64

Over 170 countries agreed to reduce CO2 emissions by an average of 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012

Question 65

Kyoto Protocol: which countries refused to sign the treaty?

Answer 65

USA and Australia

Question 66

what was the Paris Agreement the first to become?

Answer 66

The first ever universal and legally binding global climate change deal - 2015

Question 67

what are 2 outcomes of the Paris Agreement?

Answer 67

- to keep global temperature increase below 2 degrees celcius and limited to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels - to review progress every 5 years

Question 68

what is a disadvantage of international agreements?

Answer 68

not allow countries fulfill their promises or participate at all