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Physics > P1-Topic 5-Forces 2022 > Flashcards

P1-Topic 5-Forces 2022 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

has magnitude only

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2
Q

What is a vector quantity?

A

have magnitude and an associated direction

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3
Q

How can a vector quantity be drawn and

what does it show?3

A

As an arrow

length of the arrow represents the magnitude

arrow points in the associated direction

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4
Q

What is a force?1

A

a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction

with another object

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5
Q

Give three examples of contact forces

A
  1. Friction
  2. Air resistance
  3. Tension
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6
Q

Give three examples of non-contact

forces

A
  1. Gravitational forces
  2. Electrostatic forces
  3. Magnetic forces
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7
Q

Give three examples of vector quantities

A

Velocity

  1. Displacement
  2. Force
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8
Q

Give three examples of scalar quantities.

A 
Temperature
● Time
● Mass
● Speed
● Distance
● Energy 
temperature
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9
Q

What is meant by an object’s centre of mass?

A

The single point where an object’s

weight can be considered to act through.

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10
Q

What piece of equipment can be used to measure an

object’s weight?

A

A calibrated spring-balance or newtonmeter

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11
Q

What is the name given to the single force that is equivalent to all the other forces acting on a given object?

A

resultant force

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12
Q

What is the equation used to calculate

work done? Give appropriate units

A

Work done = Force x Distance

Work done (Joules), Force (Newtons),
Distance (metres)
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13
Q

What distance must be used when calculating work

done?

A

must be the distance that is moved

along the line of action of the force

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14
Q

Under what circumstance is 1 joule of work done?

A

When a force of 1 Newton causes a

displacement of 1 metre.

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15
Q

How many Newton-metres are equal to 1 joule of

energy?

A

1 Nm = 1 J

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16
Q

What occurs when work is done against frictional

forces?2

A

A rise in temperature of the object
occurs

Kinetic energy is converted to heat

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17
Q

Why does air resistance slow down a projectile?2

A

The object does work against the air
resistance

Kinetic energy is converted in to heat,
slowing down the object

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18
Q

What is weight? and unit of measure

A

The force that acts on an object due to
gravity and the object’s mass

in newtons (N)

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19
Q

What quantities does weight depend on?

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength
● The object’s mass
● The gravitational field strength at the
given position in the field

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20
Q

Explain the relationship between the
force applied and the extension of an
elastic object Hooke’s law

A

The extension is directly proportional to
the force applied, provided that the limit
of proportionality is not exceeded.

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21
Q

What is meant by an inelastic (plastic)

deformation?2

A

● A deformation which results in the
object being permanently stretched

● The object doesn’t return to its original shape when the force is removed

A spring when pulled too far

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22
Q

State the equation relating force, spring constant and extension. Give appropriate units

A 
f force = s pring constant × extension
 F  = k e 
force, F, in newtons, N
spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m
extension, e, in metres, m
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23
Q

what is elastic deformation 2

Study These Flashcards
A

The object returns to its original shape when the load has been removed
o Elastic band

24
Q

What can extension be replaced with in

the equation for spring force?

25
difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension 4
Linear line : - This is elastic region following Hooke’s Law • The point it stops being linear is the limit of proportionality. - From then on, it does not obey Hooke’s Law ``` Non-Linear line - There is plastic behaviour - It is not following Hooke’s Law - If shallow o Lots of extension for not a lot of force o Easy to stretch ```
26
what happens if a graph is just linear
If graph is just linear, with no non-linear end section, the material is brittle, so snaps instead of stretches after the elastic limit
27
What is meant by an object’s centre of mass?
The single point where an object’s | weight can be considered to act through
28
What piece of equipment can be used to measure an | object’s weight? 2
A calibrated spring-balance or newtonmeter
29
What is meant by the term ‘fluid’?
A liquid or a gas
30
In any fluid, at what angle do the forces | due to pressure act on a given surface?
At right angles (normal to) the surface
31
State the equation used to calculate | pressure. Give appropriate units
Pressure = Force/Area Pressure (Pascals), Force (Newtons), Area (metre²)
32
What happens to the density of the | atmosphere with increasing altitude?
The atmosphere becomes less dense as | altitude increases
33
Explain why atmospheric pressure | decreases with an increase in height3
● Pressure is created by collisions of air molecules ● The quantity of molecules (and so weight) decreases as the height increases ● This means atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase of height
34
What is the Earth’s atmosphere?
A thin (relative to the magnitude of the Earth) layer of gas surrounding the Earth.
35
How does pressure in fluids increase with depth?3 use equation p=F/A
As the depth increases, the mass of liquid above that depth also increases. This means that the force due to the mass increases. Since the force has increased whilst the area has remained constant, the pressure will increase.
36
Why does pressure in fluids increase | with density?4
As the density of a fluid increases, the number of particles in a given volume increases. Consequently the weight of the fluid is greater. This means that the force from the fluid above a certain point is larger. Since the force has increased, the pressure also increases.
37
What equation shows the magnitude of pressure | in liquids at different depths?
pressure = height of the column × density of the liquid × gravitational field strength [ p = h ρ g ] pressure, p, in pascals, Pa height of the column, h, in metres, m density, ρ, in kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m3 gravitational field strength, g, in newtons per kilogram, N/kg
38
Why are objects in a fluid subject to an | upthrust?3
When an object is submerged in a fluid, it has a higher pressure below it than it does above, as there is more weight above it at the bottom than there is at the top. This leads to an upwards force called upthrust. You float or sink depending on whether the upthrust is more or less than your weight.
39
What is upthrust always equal to?
The weight of the fluid that the object | displaces.
40
What factors influence whether an object | will sink or float?
● Upthrust ● Weight ● Density of fluid
41
Explain why an object with a density greater than that of water can never float 3
Upthrust is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. If the density of the object is high, there would not be enough volume displaced to produce an upthrust larger than the object's weight This means that it will sink.
42
If an object moves 3 metres to the left and then 3 metres back to its initial position, what is the object’s total displacement? 3
● The object has zero displacement ● Displacement is a vector quantity so it also involves direction ● The object starts and ends at the same point
43
what is the typical value for the speed of sound, walking running and cycling 4
sound = 330m/s walking ̴ 1.5 m/s running ̴ 3 m/s cycling ̴ 6 m/s
44
State the equation linking distance, | speed and time. Give appropriate units
Distance = Speed x Time Distance (m), Speed (m/s), Time (s) s=vt (physics)
45
Why can an object travelling at a constant speed in a | circle not have a constant velocity? (Higher) 3
● Speed is a scalar quantity ● Velocity is a vector quantity which means it can only be constant if the direction is constant ● In circular motion, the direction is continuously changing
46
How can speed be calculated from a | distance-time graph?
The speed is equal to the gradient of the | graph by drawing a tangent
47
State the equation for the average acceleration of an | object. Give appropriate units
acceleration = change in velocity time taken a =∆ v/t acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 change in velocity, ∆v, in metres per second, m/s time, t, in seconds, s
48
How to calculate acceleration and distance traveled in a velocity- time graph 2
Gradient is acceleration Sharper gradient means greater acceleration - Negative gradient is deceleration - Horizontal line means constant speed Area under line = distance traveled
49
Give an approximate value for the acceleration of an object in free fall under gravity near the Earth’s surface.
9.8 m/s²
50
What can be said about the resultant force acting on | an object when it is falling at terminal velocity?
● The resultant force is zero ● When at terminal velocity, the object is moving at a constant speed and so isn’t accelerating
51
equation for velocity using acceleration
(final velocity)² − (initial velocity)² = 2 × acceleration × distance v² − u²= 2 a s final velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s initial velocity, u, m/s acceleration, a, in metres per second squared, m/s2 distance, s, in metres, m
52
State the equation used to calculate an object’s momentum
``` momentum = mass × velocity p = m v momentum, p, in kilograms metre per second, kg m/s mass, m, in kilograms, kg velocity, v, in metres per second, m/s ```
53
In a closed system, what can be said about the momentum before and after a collision?2
The total momentum before is equal to the total momentum afterwards conservation of momentum
54
State an equation linking change in momentum,force and time
Force x Time = Change in Momentum F Δt = mΔv
55
What quantity is equal to the force experienced in a collision?
The rate of change of momentum
56
If an object’s change of momentum is fixed, what is the only way to reduce the force that the object experiences?
Increase the length of time over which | the change of momentum occurs
57
Explain how a seatbelt improves a | passenger’s safety during a collision. 4
● Passenger must decelerate from the vehicle’s velocity at impact to zero, meaning they undergo a fixed change of momentum ● The force they experience is equal to the rate of change of momentum ● Seatbelts increase the time over which the force is applied, reducing the rate of change of momentum and therefore reducing the force experienced

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