(P1) Topic 5: Health, Disease, And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is a pathogen
A
A microorganism that enters your body and causes disease
2
Q
What are the types of pathogen + examples
A
Bacteria- TB
Viruses- HIV
Fungi- athletes foot
Plasmodium- malaria
3
Q
What are the four main categories of disease
A
Infections
Deficiency diseases
Inherited diseases
Body disorders
4
Q
What are infections caused by + examples
A
Pathogens
E.g flu, AIDS
5
Q
What are deficiency diseases caused by + examples
A
Lack of nutrients
E.g scurvy, anaemia
6
Q
What are inherited diseases caused by + examples
A
A faulty gene
E.g cystic fibrosis, haemophilia
7
Q
What are body disorders caused by + examples
A
Many causes (diet, random, etc)
E.g diabetes, cancer
8
Q
What is cancer
A
When a group of cells is dividing uncontrollably
9
Q
What is a group of cancerous cells called
A
A tumour
10
Q
What is a benign tumour
A
It doesn’t spread to other tissues, usually not dangerous
11
Q
What is a malignant tumour
A
A tumour that spreads to other organs/ tissues. Cancerous cells can break off and spread to other areas. Dangerous
12
Q
Factors that have increased human survival
A
Technology, better treatment, greater awareness
13
Q
What is a non-communicable disease
A
A disease that is not spread from one organism to another to another
14
Q
What does atherosclerosis mean
A
Hardening of the arteries
15
Q
What is atherosclerosis caused by
A
A build up of yellow fatty deposits called plaques
16
Q
Where can plaques form
A
Anywhere, but particularly in the coronary and carotid arteries
17
Q
What is the factor that sets of atherosclerosis
A
Damage to the endothelial lining of an artery
18
Q
What does damage to the lining of the endothelial lining of an artery lead to
A
An inflammatory response in the body and white blood cells arrive at the site.
The cells gather chemicals from the blood, including cholesterol (which causes a fatty deposits known as atheroma to develop)
Fibrosis tissue builds up around the atheroma, making the plaque harden
This causes the artery wall to harden so that it is less elastic
19
Q
What causes an aneurysm
A
Blood can build up behind a blockage causing the artery wall to bulge and weaken. This causes the chances of the wall splitting and internal bleeding occurring
20
Q
What is an aneurysm
A
A budge in the wall of the artery
21
Q
How serious are aneurysms
A
Very- they are often fatal
22
Q
Where can high blood pressure cause damage
A
Kidneys, eyes, and the brain
23
Q
What are strokes caused by
A
An interruption to the blood supply in the brain
24
Q
What can cause SERIOUS strokes
A
Blockages in main blood vessels
25
What can cause LESS severe strokes
Blockages in smaller arterioles
26
What is an arteriole
Small blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
27
What are the symptoms of strokes
Dizziness, confusion, blurred or lost vision, slurred speech, numbness
28
What can severe strokes cause
Paralysis down one side of the body and death
29
What are the factors that increase risk of cardiovascular disease
Inheritance: some people are genetically predisposed to some disease
Diet: a diet high in saturated fat, salt, and alcohol increases the risk
Age: those most at risk are over the age of 40
Gender: men are more likely to suffer than women
High blood pressure
Smoking: chemicals in tobacco smoke can increase the risk
Physical inactivity: exercise can help decrease the risk
30
Why will people overestimate the risk of something happening
Beyond their control
Not natural
Unfamiliar
Dreaded
Unfair
Very small
31
Who was Iguaz Semmelweis
The person who discovered that people should wash their hands
32
Who was Louis Pasteur
The person that heating up food kills bacteria (pasteurisation)
33
Who was Joseph Lister
The person who discovered that surgeons needed to sterilise their equipment
34
What are 4 ways of spreading disease + examples
Droplet infection: coughs and sneezes e.g flu, TB, and the common cold
Direct contact: when the pathogen comes into direct contact with the skin e.g STIs
Food and drink: raw and undercooked food and water containing sewage e.g salmonella
Breaks in the skin: enter through a break in the skin r needle punctures e.g hepatitis, HIV, tetanus
35
Why did people not believe Semmelweis
He had very little evidence
36
What is a bacterium
A non-invasive pathogen that replicates and releases toxins that makes the person ill
37
Do bacteria physically go into our cells
No- they float around them
38
One way of combative a bacterial infection
Antibiotics
39
What is gonorrhoeal caused by
Bacteria
40
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick green or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis, pain when urinating, bleeding between periods, pain or tenderness in lower abdominal area, swelling of foreskin
41
How does gonorrhoea spread
Unprotected sex, sharing unclean sex toys
42
What is the treatment for gonorrhoea
Antibiotic injection/ tablet
43
How to protect yourself from getting gonorrhoea
Protected sex
44
What are the symptoms of salmonella
Diarrhoea, stomach cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, headache, bloody stool
45
How does salmonella spread
Improper handling and cooking of food, undercooked pork/ poultry contaminated, unpasteurised dairy
46
What are the treatments for salmonella
Antibiotics, drinking lots of water
47
How to prevent the spread of salmonella
Asking hands, keeping food prep areas clean
48
What is a virus
A pathogen that invades the cells of a human, replicates, and releases toxins that makes the person ill
49
Why are viruses hard to kill
They live inside our cells
50
What is salmonella caused by
Bacteria
51
What is HIV caused by
A virus
52
What are the symptoms of HIV
Short flu-like illness, raised temperature, sore throat, body rash, tiredness, joint pain, muscle pain, swollen glands, weight loss, chronic diarrhoea
53
How does HIV spread
Sexual contact, breast milk, blood, lining inside the anus
54
What is the treatment for HIV
PEP for one month
55
How to prevent the spread of HIV
Protected sex
56
What is measles caused by
Virus
57
What are the symptoms of measles
High temperature, runny/ blocked nose, sneezing, cough, sore eyes, rash, death
58
How is measles spread
Touch, airborne
59
What is the treatment for measles
No specific treatment
60
How to prevent measles
Vaccination
61
What is tobacco mosaic virus caused by
Virus
62
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus
Discoloured leaves
63
How does tobacco mosaic virus spread
infected leaves rubbing against healthy plants, or contaminated tools or workers hands
64
How to treat tobacco mosaic virus
No treatment- once a plant is infected, it will remain infected for life
65
How to prevent tobacco mosaic virus
Avoid handling plants, remove diseased plants, control weeds, rotate crops, avoid planting near virus-infected plants, don’t permit tobacco near plants
66
Describe the steps of the Lytic Pathway
1) The virus attaches itself to a specific host cell
2) The genetic material from the virus is injected into the cell
3) The virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host to make lots of copies of itself
4) This eventually causes the cell to split open and release the new virus
67
Give an example of a virus that uses the Lysogenic pathway
HIV virus
68
The lytic pathway (simple ver)
1) attach
2) injects
3) copies
4) split and release
69
Describe the lysogenic pathway
1) The virus attaches itself to s specific host cell
2) The genetic material from the virus is incorporated into the DNA of the cell
3)The host cell divides normally and and it does so it replicated the genetic material of the virus. The virus remains dormant
4) Eventually a trigger (e.g a certain chemical) causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
70
The lysogenic pathway simple version
1) attach
2) incorporates
3) dormant
4) trigger
71
How does HIV cause disease
It destroys the body’s immune system by infecting a CD4 cell
72
What is a CD4 cell
A white blood cell that identifies what it is that the phagocyte has ingested
73
What is a phagocyte
A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells
74
What are the body’s defences against microbes (eyes, nose, breathing organs, stomach)
Enzymes in tears kill bacteria of the surface of the eye
Hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
The breathing organs have hairs and produce mucus to cover the lining of these organs and trap pathogens
The stomach contains both hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and friendly bacteria that kill invading microbes
75
Are antibodies specific or generic
Specific- they will neutralise the microbe that they have been made for
(Like enzymes, lock and key)
76
What do white blood cells do
Neutralise or kill microbes that enter the body
77
What different things do white blood cells do
1) ingest the microbe
2) tag onto the antigens to help the phagocytes find them
3) stay in the blood to trigger a more rapid production of antibodies if the same pathogen returns
78
What do lymphocytes do
stay in the blood to trigger a more rapid production of antibodies if the same pathogen returns
79
What is phagocytosis
When a phagocyte ingests a microbe
80
What can antibodies do
Neutralisation and agglutination
81
What is neutralisation in terms of antibodies
Stopping pathogens reproducing
82
What is agglutination
Sticking the pathogens together
83
What are the steps of producing antibodies
1) The white blood cell “sees” the pathogen (microbe)
2) The cells produces antibodies to “fit” the antigen
3) The antibodies fit onto the antigens and cause the pathogens to clump
4) the pathogens are ingested by the white blood cells (phagocytosis)
84
Producing antibodies simple version
1) WBC sees
2) produced
3) clump
4) ingested (phagocytosis)
85
What is the response time of getting a higher concentration of white blood cells when it is the first time the body is encountering the disease
Slow
86
What is the response time of getting a higher concentration of white blood cells in the blood when it is NOT the first time the body is encountering the pathogen
Quicker
87
Why is the response time quicker the second time the body encounters a pathogen
Memory lymphocytes stay in the blood when it
88
What does MMR stand for
Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine
89
What is rubella
German measels
90
What is herd immunity
Most people having vaccines protects those who can’t or don’t get the vaccine from getting the disease
91
That is the R value
For every person infected, the amount of people that that person will infect
92
What is the R value of measles
11
93
What is the R value of Ebola
18-19
94
Who was Edward Jenner
The man who invented vaccination
95
What are vaccinations mad from
Inactive or dead cells
96
Wha is the body stimulated to make when you get vaccinated
Antibodies
97
What does attenuated means
Modified to make the cells less likely to cause disease
98
What are some reasons that people are worried about vaccinations
Miscarriage, death, leads to communism, not studied enough, DNA gets wiped, allergic reactions, autism, dietary restrictions (e.g vaccination)
99
What are the reasons we need new medicines
More diseases discovered
To develop more effective medicines with less side effects
Patients may be allergic to available medicines so new ones are needed e.g allergic to penicillin
100
What is a placebo in drug testing
A fake drug to test against the real drug (doesn’t have any affect)
101
What is the control in a experiment
The part kept the same in the experiment, nothing done to it
102
What are the steps to developing a new vaccine
1) A disease is chosen and possible new medicines are made in a lab
2) The medicines are tested in the lab on cells, tissues, and organs
3) Medicines tested on animals
4) Tested on earthy human volunteers
5) Tested n human volunteers with the disease
6) The medicines are passes all the legal test and is licensed. It can now be administered by doctors
103
What are the factors that make a medicine good
Effective
Stable
Successfully into and removed from the body
Safe
104
What are monoclonal antibodies
A collection of a single type of antibody that is isolated and cloned
105
What are polyclonal antibodies
A collection of many different types of antibodies. They are made in our bodies
106
What is genetic engineering used to overcome
The problem of monoclonal antibodies manufactured from mouse cells triggering an immune response in a patient
107
What are the steps of obtaining monoclonal antibodies
1) Antigen injected into a mouse
2) The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
3) Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation
4) The spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called myeloma cella to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely
5) The hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
108
What are the steps for obtaining monoclonal antibodies (simple ver)
1) inject mouse
2) spleen cells formed and collected
3) spleen cells fuse with tumour cells
4) hybridoma cells
5) hybridoma cells grown in a lab
6) antibodies collected
109
What are monoclonal antibodies used for
Pregnancy testing kits
Diagnostic tools for AIDs
Industrial production of interferon
110
What is interferon
A chemical used to treat cancer and hepatitis
111
What does it mean to “humanise” hybridomes
Replacing much of the antibody with the corresponding human antibody structure
