P1.1 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Macromolecules are ___, built from ____.
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.
define polymers and monomers.
Polymers are long molecules built up by linking smaller molecules (building blocks) called monomers.
There are four important classes of biological molecules:
There are four important classes of biological molecules:
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids .
Carbohydrates are …
Carbohydrates are a source of energy and provide structural support. Large carbohydrates are polymers.
Proteins have …
Proteins have a wide range of functions, such as catalyzing reactions and transporting substances into and out of cells.
Nucleic acids …
Nucleic acids store genetic information and function in gene expression.
Lipids …
Lipids another source of energy, makes up cell membranes among other key functions.
Starch is …
Starch is a carbohydrate polymer made of many glucose molecules linked together (or chemical bonds) to form chains of glucose units.
polypetides are..
polypetides are amino acid chains
Amino acids (the …) are linked …. The amino acid chains in a …
Amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) are linked together through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (polypeptides). The amino acid chains in a protein molecule are not arranged structurally straight but coiled up to give the protein a distinctive three-dimensional shape.
Nucleic acids are made up of ________ called __________
Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made up of three components:…
Nucleotides are made up of three components: a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate functional group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides are linked together between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of a second nucleotide. In the process, a sugar – phosphate backbone is formed, linking the nucleotides together.
Nucleotides are linked together between …
Nucleotides are linked together between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of a second nucleotide. In the process, a sugar – phosphate backbone is formed, linking the nucleotides together.
DNA is a … where the sugar is …., and the four nitrogenous bases are …
DNA is a nucleic acid where the sugar is deoxyribose, and the four nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
Lipids contain less ______ in proportion to _____-compared to carbohydrates. Lipids can be split into ______and _______ by a process called _______
Lipids contain less oxygen in proportion to hydrogen compared to carbohydrates. Lipids can be split into fatty acids and glycerol by a process called hydrolysis.
Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, also known as _______ for their huge size, are chain-like molecules called polymers. However, lipids …
Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, also known as macromolecules for their huge size, are chain-like molecules called polymers. However, lipids are not polymers or macromolecules.
In cells, the process of making polymers (_______), are facilitated by ______, which can speed up …
In cells, the process of making polymers (polymerization), are facilitated by enzymes, which can speed up chemical reactions.
A condensation reaction connects two units (either monomer or polymers) with the loss of a small molecule. The reaction is repeated to form larger polymers. This can be reversed, adding a small molecule to break the previous bond and revert to the smaller units.
A condensation reaction connects two units (either monomer or polymers) with the loss of a small molecule. The reaction is repeated to form larger polymers. This can be reversed, adding a small molecule to break the previous bond and revert to the smaller units.
A condensation reaction involving water removal is called a __________
A condensation reaction involving water removal is called a dehydration reaction.
While a polymer disassembly by adding water is called _______
While a polymer disassembly by adding water is called hydrolysis.
A cell has thousands of different _________. Only ____ to _____ common monomers build a huge variety of ______. This is possible by modifying the arrangements of these monomers to form sequences that make up the different carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids in cells.
A cell has thousands of different macromolecules. Only 40 to 50 common monomers build a huge variety of polymers. This is possible by modifying the arrangements of these monomers to form sequences that make up the different carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids in cells.