P1.1-LIVER

Question 1

What structure is the liver located beneath?

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

What is the average weight of a healthy adult liver?

Answer 2

1.2 to 1.5 kg

Question 3

What ligament divides the liver into two lobes?

Answer 3

Falciform ligament

Question 4

What are the two sources of blood supply to the liver?

Answer 4

Hepatic artery and portal vein

Question 5

What artery supplies 25% of the liver’s blood supply?

Answer 5

Hepatic artery

Question 6

What vein supplies 75% of the liver’s blood supply?

Answer 6

Portal vein

Question 7

What are the spaces that line the hepatic cells called?

Answer 7

Hepatic sinusoids

Question 8

How much blood passes through the liver per minute?

Answer 8

1500 mL

Question 9

What organ is associated with the excretory system of the liver?

Answer 9

Gallbladder

Question 10

What duct is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts?

Answer 10

Common hepatic duct

Question 11

What structure do bile secretions travel through to reach the intestines?

Answer 11

Common bile duct

Question 12

What are the microscopic functional units of the liver called?

Answer 12

Lobules

Question 13

What structures are located at each corner of a liver lobule?

Answer 13

Portal triads

Question 14

helps in draining/releasing the
secretions coming from the liver

Answer 14

Bile duct

Question 15

2 major cell types of the liver

Answer 15

Hepatocytes (hepatic cells)
and Kupffer cells

Question 16

80% of the volume of the liver;
perform major functions of the liver; regenerative properties
(in some short term injury/damage)

Answer 16

Hepatocytes (hepatic cells)

Question 17

macrophages; active phagocytes

Located in the hepatic sinusoids

Answer 17

Kupffer cells

Question 18

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER

Answer 18

Excretory and Secretory
Metabolism
Detoxification
Storage

Question 19

If the liver becomes nonfunctional, death will occur within 24 hours due to

Answer 19

hypoglycemia

Question 20

In relation to carbohydrate metabolism, liver works in maintaining stable glucose concentration by storing glucose in the form of

Answer 20

glycogen

Question 21

turning glycogen to glucose
o Liver converts stored glycogen when there is decreased amount of glucose

Answer 21

Glycogenolysis

Question 22

Conversion of glucose from non
carbohydrate sources like amino acid, lactate, pyruvate

Happens when depleted supply of carbohydrate in the body and cannot meet the energy requirement of the body

Answer 22

Glucogenesis

Question 23

To abolish liver tissue function, more than ______-of the liver must be destroyed.

Answer 23

0.8

Question 24

Function of the liver that is responsible of getting rid if heme waste products

Answer 24

EXCRETORY AND SECRETORY

Question 25

Major heme waste product

Answer 25

bilirubin

Question 26

Comes from the degradation of hemoglobin, in particular heme

Answer 26

bilirubin

Question 27

Made up of bile acids or salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other substances extracted from the blood

Answer 27

Bile

Question 28

What substances make up bile?

Answer 28

Bile acids/salts, bile pigments, cholesterol

Question 29

How much bile does the body produce daily?

Answer 29

Approximately 3 L

Question 30

How much bile does the body excrete daily?

Answer 30

1 L

Question 31

How much bilirubin is produced daily?

Answer 31

200-300 mg

Question 32

Principal pigment in bile Derived from the breakdown of RBCs/RBC destruction

Answer 32

Bilirubin

Question 33

What originates from the destruction/breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Answer 33

Bilirubin

Question 34

What is the normal lifespan of RBCs?

Answer 34

Approximately 120 days

Question 35

Which organs destroy RBCs via the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system, releasing hemoglobin?

Answer 35

Spleen and liver

Question 36

Into what components is hemoglobin cleaved?

Answer 36

Heme, protein (globin), and iron

Question 37

To which transport protein is iron bound for storage in the bone marrow or liver?

Answer 37

Transferrin/siderophilin

Question 38

Into what is globin degraded for reuse by the body?

Answer 38

Constituent amino acids

Question 39

How long does it take for heme to be converted to bilirubin in the form of unconjugated bilirubin (B1)?

Answer 39

2 to 3 hours

Question 40

What enzymes convert heme to biliverdin and biliverdin to bilirubin?

Answer 40

Heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase

Question 41

What is the solubility of unconjugated bilirubin (B1) in water?

Answer 41

Insoluble

Question 42

Which transport protein does unconjugated bilirubin (B1) need for movement in the bloodstream

Answer 42

Albumin

Question 43

What happens to B1 bound to albumin in the liver

Answer 43

It is released and picked up by ligandin in hepatocytes

Question 44

What is the role of ligandin in hepatocytes?

Answer 44

Transports B1 to the endoplasmic reticulum for conjugation

Question 45

Which enzyme is required for the conjugation of B1 to B2?

Answer 45

Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase

Question 46

Where does B2 move after conjugation and what happens there?

Answer 46

Moves to the intestines where bacteria convert it to urobilinogen

Question 47

What percentage of urobilinogen is oxidized to urobilin/stercobilin and excreted in feces?

Answer 47

About 80%

Question 48

What is the reference value for urobilinogen excreted per day in feces?

Answer 48

50–250 mg

Question 49

What percentage of urobilinogen enters extrahepatic circulation and is recirculated to the liver?

Answer 49

0.2

Question 50

Where is a small portion of urobilinogen excreted besides feces?

Answer 50

Urine

Question 51

What is the reference value for urobilinogen excreted in urine per day?

Answer 51

1–4 mg

Question 52

What are the three functions of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 52

Use glucose for energy, circulate glucose to tissues, store glucose as glycogen

Question 53

What are the key processes in carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 53

Glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 54

What process converts stored glycogen into glucose when blood glucose levels decrease

Answer 54

Glycogenolysis

Question 55

What process stores excess glucose as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high

Answer 55

Glycogenesis

Question 56

What is the liver's role in lipid metabolism?

Answer 56

Gathers free fatty acids and breaks them down to produce acetyl-CoA

Question 57

What can acetyl-CoA form in the body?

Answer 57

Triglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesterol

Question 58

What percentage of daily cholesterol production is attributed to the liver?

Answer 58

0.7

Question 59

What proteins are produced by the liver?

Answer 59

Albumin, hemoglobin, haptoglobin, a1-antitrypsin, microglobulin (except immunoglobulins)

Question 60

What role does the liver play in detoxification between the gastrointestinal tract and systemic circulation?

Answer 60

Acts as a gatekeeper

Question 61

Substances absorbed in the GIT pass through the liver before systemic circulation

Answer 61

first pass" effect

Question 62

How does the liver selectively manage substances entering systemic circulation?

Answer 62

Allows important substances in and prevents harmful substances from entering

Question 63

What are the body's two detoxification mechanisms?

Answer 63

Binding materials to inactivate them, chemically modifying them for release

Question 64

Where does the liver's drug-metabolizing system detoxify drugs?

Answer 64

In liver microsomes via cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes

Question 65

What enzymes are essential for the liver's drug-metabolizing system?

Answer 65

Cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes