P11 Part 1: Treatment of Infection, Segment 1

Question 1

what are the three types of anti-infectious drugs

Answer 1

1. antibacterials
2. antivirals
3. antifungals

Question 2

what is the common goal of antibacterials, antivirals, and antifungals (anti-infectious drugs)

Answer 2

selective toxicity (to the specific problematic cell with no damage to healthy cells)

Question 3

what are bacteria

Answer 3

single cell microorganisms

Question 4

how are bacterial cells different from human cells (3)

Answer 4

1. rigid cell membrane
2. different ribosomes
3. different nucleic acid metabolism

Question 5

mechanism of antibacterial drugs (general) (3)

Answer 5

1. inhibit cell wall synthesis and function
2. inhibit protein synthesis
3. inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function

Question 6

bacterial membrane is more rigid than human cells… bacterial membranes contain…

Answer 6

peptidoglycans

Question 7

certain antibacterial agents inhibit ____ or create ____

Answer 7

• inhibit wall synthesis

- create hole in lipid bilayer

Question 8

what do peptidoglycans do

Answer 8

gives strength to the membrane of bacterial cells

Question 9

what do antibacterials do to peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell membrane

Answer 9

inhibit the production of it, leading to destruction of the cell

Question 10

are bacterial ribosomes and human ribosomes identical

Answer 10

no

Question 11

what happens when antibacterials bind to bacterial ribosomes

Answer 11

inhibit protein synthesis = cell destruction

Question 12

what do antibacterials prevent the creation of ____ regarding protein synthesis from ribosomes

Answer 12

prevent the creation of mRNA

Question 13

is nucleic acid metabolism the same between bacterial and human

Answer 13

no

Question 14

regarding DNA/RNA synthesis, certain drugs decrease DNA synthesis by inhibiting _____ production

Answer 14

inhibiting folic acid production

Question 15

do some drugs directly inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synthesis/function?

Answer 15

YUP

Question 16

what is the “effect” portion of antibacterial drugs

Answer 16

bactericidal v. bacteriostatic

Question 17

what does bactericidal mean

Answer 17

will kill bacteria cell

Question 18

what does bacteriostatic mean

Answer 18

slow down reproductive function

Question 19

what is the “spectrum” portion of antibacterial drugs

Answer 19

broad v. narrow

Question 20

what is broad spectrum

Answer 20

effect is generalized (all gram + bacteria)

Question 21

what is narrow spectrum

Answer 21

effect is targeted for specific strand of bacteria

Question 22

what is the main problem with the “resistance” portion of antibacterial drugs

Answer 22

strains develop natural defense against drugs

Question 23

what does S. aureus treat

Answer 23

VRSA and MRSA

Question 24

what to enterococcus treat

Answer 24

VRE

Question 25

what does S. penumoniae

Answer 25

PRSP

Question 26

how do bacteria resist antibacterial drugs (5)

Answer 26

1. develop drug-destroying enzymes 2. alter or mask drug binding site 3. change enzymes targeted by drugs 4. decrease drug penetration 5. develop drug efflux pumps

Question 27

what are two methods of prevention for bacteria becoming resistant to antibacterials

Answer 27

1. antibacterial "stewardship" | 2. treatment

Question 28

what is antibacterial "stewardship"

Answer 28

- avoid overuse, especially broad spectrum | - use narrow spectrum whenever possible

Question 29

what is the treatment portion of preventing bacteria becoming resistant to antibacterials

Answer 29

provide 2nd drug to overcome resistance

Question 30

side-effects of antibacterials (4)

Answer 30

1. hypersensitivity, allergic rxns 2. UV sensitivity 3. help prevent spread of infection 4. tendon damage

Question 31

what tendons are most affected in tendon damage from antibacterials

Answer 31

often large, weight bearing tendons (Achilles)

Question 32

what can tendon damage lead to from antibacterials

Answer 32

rupture

Question 33

risk of tendon damage after antibacterials increases with... (4)

Answer 33

1. older patients 2. renal failure 3. taking glucocorticoids 4. history of damage, pre-existing tendinopathy

Question 34

what is a potential cause of tendon damage following antibacterials

Answer 34

unclear cause, but may be related to oxidative damage at the cellular level

Question 35

onset of tendon damage can be ____

Answer 35

rapid (within 2 hours occasionally)

Question 36

most cases of tendon damage occurs ____ (when)

Answer 36

within the 1st month

Question 37

treatment of tendon damage following antibacterials (2)

Answer 37

1. discontinue drug | 2. protect tendon

Question 38

what is the "core" of a virus

Answer 38

DNA or RNA

Question 39

what is the "core" (DNA/RNA) surrounded by

Answer 39

protein shell (CAPSID)

Question 40

virus absorbs onto ___

Answer 40

host cell

Question 41

virus penetrates into host cell, then...

Answer 41

releases genetic material

Question 42

_____ or _____ takes over the host cell, uses cell to make new virus

Answer 42

viral DNA/RNA

Question 43

viral symptoms related to...

Answer 43

loss of host cell function

Question 44

are antiviral drugs specific

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

usually how many types of viruses are targeted by each antiviral drug

Answer 45

1

Question 46

antiviral drugs are usually...

Answer 46

virustatic (as opposed to virucidal)

Question 47

what are interferons

Answer 47

small proteins

Question 48

interferons are produced...

Answer 48

endogenously

Question 49

function of interferons (2)

Answer 49

1. control cell division/differentiation | 2. control immune responses

Question 50

antiviral vaccines are typically made from...

Answer 50

"modified" virus

Question 51

when are antiviral vaccines administered typically

Answer 51

prior to exposure to virus

Question 52

what do antiviral vaccines do

Answer 52

stimulate immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies