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Yr 10 Physics > P2 > Flashcards

P2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary measurement for speed and velocity?

A

M/S

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2
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

speed is how fast. you are going, velocity takes into account the direction you are going eg 30 m/s north

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3
Q

how do you calcualte the speed

A

speed = distance over time

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4
Q

what does the gradient of a distance time graph tell you?

A

How fast your object is going

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5
Q

how do you find the speed in a dt graph,

A

gradient

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6
Q

What is a flat section in a dt graph

A

the object. is stationary

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7
Q

what do straight uphill or downhill slopes mean on a dt graph

A

the object. is travelling at a steady speed

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8
Q

what do downhill lines mean in a dt graph

A

that the object is going back to its starting point

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9
Q

what does a steeper graph mean

A

the object if going faster

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10
Q

what do curves mean in a dt graph

A

acceleration or decceleration

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11
Q

wht is acceleration

A

how quickly the velocity is changing

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12
Q

how do you find the acceleration

A

change in velocity over time taken

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13
Q

what is the gradient in a vt graph

A

acceleration

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14
Q

what is a flat section in a vt graph

A

steady soeed

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15
Q

what is a uphill/downhill slope in a vt graph

A

acceleratikn/deceleration

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16
Q

what does gravitational force do

A

it makes all things accelerate towards the ground, all with the same acceleration which is about 10 m/s squared on earth

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17
Q

What is the difference between weight and mass

A

Mass is the ammount if stuff inside an object it is the same anywhere in the universe. weight caused by the pull of the gravitational force

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18
Q

how do you measure mass

A

kg

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19
Q

how do you measure weight

A

N

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20
Q

how do you find the weight

A

mass X gravitational feild streingth

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21
Q

what is the resultant force

A

if you have a number of forces acting upon a single point, you can replace then with a single force, as lomg as it has the same effect on the motion as the original forces acting all together, of the forces all act upon the same line (theyre all paralel and act in the same opposite direction) the overall effect is found by just adding or subtracting them, the overall force you get is called the resultant force

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22
Q

what dies an object need to start moving

A

a force

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23
Q

what happens if there is no resultant force on a moving object

A

there will be no change in velocity and so it will keep moving

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24
Q

what happens if there is a non zero resultant force applied on an object

A

the object will accelerate in the direction of the force

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25
Q

what is the formula for a resultant force producing acceleration

A

F = ma
f is the resultant force in newtons
m is the mass in kilograms
a is the acceleration in meters per second squared

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26
Q

what happens when 2 object interact

A

the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

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27
Q

why will an object that has ni force propelling it always stop

A

because of friction

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28
Q

what directiom does friction always act

A

opposite to movement

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29
Q

how is most of the resistive force caused?

A

by drag

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30
Q

what is the most important factor in reducing drag in fluids

A

keeping the shape of the object streamlined

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31
Q

what causes frictional forces in fluids to increase

A

speed

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32
Q

wht do falling object accelerate when they first set off

A

because the force of gravity is much more than the force of frictikn slowing them down, so they accelerate, as the speed increases the friction builds up, this gradually reduces the acceleration until eventually the frictional force is equal to the accelerating force and the. it wont accelerate any more, this is the terminal velocity and it will now fall at a steady speed

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33
Q

what is the accelerating force acting upon all falljng objects and why do some fall at different rates

A

it is gravity and they fall at different rates due to air resistanc

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34
Q

how it the terminal velocity of an object determined?

A

its drag in comparison to its weight

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35
Q

what does the frictional force of an object depend on

A

its shape and area

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36
Q

what is the stopping distance

A

the distance from an objest to start to stop to it comming to a complete stop

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37
Q

what is thinking distance effected by

A

how fast you are going

how ‘sharp’ you are

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38
Q

what is braking distance effected by

A

how fast your going
how good your breaks are
how good the tyres are
how good the grip is

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39
Q

expain how work is done

A

whenever something moves, some thing else is transferring energy into it, this means that the thing transferring energy needs an energy supply, it then dkes work by moving the object amd one way or another it transferres the energy it receives as fuel as other forms

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40
Q

explain wasted energy

A

when energy is transferred from one thing to another, some of it is transfered as useful energy but some of it can be wasted eg heat from a tv

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41
Q

what is the formula for work done?

A

work done = force X distance

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42
Q

how do you find gravitational potential energy and what does g stand for

A

mass X g X height

g is for the gravitational feild strength, on earth it it 10N/kg

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43
Q

what is the formula for kinetic energy

A

1/2 x mass x speed squared

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44
Q

show kinetic energy transferred = work done by brakes and what all the letters mean

A

1/2 x m x v squared = f x d

1/2 x mass x speed squared = maximum breaking force x breaking distance

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45
Q

what is the same as kinetic energy gained

A

= potential energy lost

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46
Q

what is elestic potential energy

A

object that can mkve back to their original shape are elastic objects, when an elestic object is moved out of shape, the energy is stored from the work done to it as epe (just ez to type) and when released the energy will be turned to kinetic energy and it will move back to shape

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47
Q

what is the limit of proportionality in term of elastic objects

A

the maximum force that the elastic object can take and still extend proportionally

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48
Q

what is the formula for power

A

power = work done or energy transferred over time taken

or p= e over t

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49
Q

what is the proper unit of power

A

a watt, it is one joule of energy transferred per second

50
Q

what js a watt the same as

A

a joule per second

51
Q

explain a way in which you could calculate your power output

A

find out how long it takes you to accelerate from 0 m/s to a specific soeed eg 8 and then apply it to this formula energy transferred over time

52
Q

how do you find momentum

A

mass x velocity

53
Q

explain cinservation of momentum

A

in a closed system, the total momentum before an event eg a collision equals the total momentum after the event

54
Q

how do forces caise changes im momentum

A

when a force acts upon an object, it causes a change im momentum. A larger force means a faster charge of momentum (and so a greater acceleration)

55
Q

How are cars designed to convert kinetic energy safely in a crash

A

if a car crashes, it will slow down very quickly, this means that a lot of kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy in a short amount of time which cna be dangerous for people inside. In a crash, there will be a big change in momentum over a very short time so the people inside experiance huge forces that can be fatal

cars are designed to convert the kinetic energy by increasing the time over which momentum changes happens, which lessens the forces on the passengers

56
Q

name some ways cars are designed to convert energy safely in a crash

A

crumple zones at the front and back of the car crumple up on impact, the cars kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy by the car body as it changes shape. Crumple zones increase the impact time, decreasing the force produced by change in momentum.

side impact bars are strong metal tubes fitted into car door panels. They help direct the kinetic energy of the crash away from the passengersto other areas of the car, such as crumple zones

seat belts streatch slightly, increasing the time taken for the wearer to stop. This reduces the forces acting in the chest. Some of the kinetic energy of the wearer is absorbed by the seat belt stretching air bags also slow you down more gradually from hitting hard surfaces inside the car

57
Q

how do cars reach top speed

A

when their resistive forces equals the driving force provided by the engine

58
Q

what is the typical power output for a small car and a sports car

A

50 kW for a small car

100 kW for a sports car

59
Q

what is build up of staric caused by

A

friction

60
Q

explain how build up of static is caused by friction

A

when certain insulating metals are rubbed together, negatively charged electrons will be scraped off one and dumped in the other, this will leave a positive static on one and a negative static on another,

61
Q

can charges move and can electrons move

A

electrons can charges cant

62
Q

why do opposite chatprges attract

A

because they exert a force on one another

63
Q

can charges move through conductors

A

yes

64
Q

what is current

A

the flow of electric charge round the circuit. Current will only flow through a component kf there is a potential difference across that component the unit for current is amperes or amps or a

65
Q

what is potential difference in a circuit

A

the driving force that pushes the current round, unit, volt v

66
Q

what is resistance in a circuit

A

anything in a circuit that slows the flow down unit ohm

67
Q

what is the relationship between resistance and current in a component

A

the greater the resistance, the smaller the current

68
Q

what does the total charge through a circuit deoend on?

A

current and time

69
Q

what is the formula for current

A

current = charge over time

i = q over t

70
Q

what is the formula for potential difference

A

work done over charge

w over q

71
Q

what is an ammeter

A

something that measures the current in amps flowing through the component, it must be placed in series, it can be put anywhere in the series but never in parallel

72
Q

what is the voltmeterr

A

it measures the potential difference in volts across the component
it must be placed in paralles around the component under test, not around the variable resistor or the battery

73
Q

what happens if you vary the variable resistor

A

it alters the current flowing through the circuit

74
Q

what does resistance increase with and how

A

temperature because as an electrical charge flows through a resistor, some of it becomes hot, this vibrates the particles to it is harder for them to get through so the resistance increases

75
Q

what is the formula for potensital difference

A

current x resistance

76
Q

what is a diode

A

a diode is a special device made from semiconductor material such as siliconl, its used to regulate the potential difference in circuits. It lets current flow freely through it in one direction, but not in the other ie theres a very high resistance in the other

77
Q

What are light emmitting diodes

A

a light emmiting diode (LED) emmits a light when current flows through it in the forwards direction, they are being used more and more as lighting, as they use a much smaller current than other forms of lighting, they indicate the presence kf current in a circuit

78
Q

What is a light dependant resistor (LDR)

A

A resistor that is dependant on the intensity of the light, in bright light the resistance falls, in darkness the resistance is highest, they are used in burglar alarms and automatic night lights

79
Q

What is a thermistor

A

a thermistor is a temperature dependant resistor, in hot conditions the resistance drops, in cool conditions, the resistance goes up. Thermistors make useful temperature detectors eg car engine temperature sensors

80
Q

what are series circuits

A

in series circuits the different components are connected in a line end to endbetween the positive and negative end of the power supply except for voltmeters, which are connected in parallelbut they dont count as part of the circuit, of one thing disconnects the whole circuit shuts down

81
Q

what happens to the pd in a series circuit

A

it is shared between the various components. so all the voltages round a series circuit always add up to equal the source voltage

82
Q

is current the same everywhere in a series circuit

A

yes, the size of the current is determined by the total PD of the cells and the total resistanceof the circuit

83
Q

how do you find the total resistance in a series circuit

A

add up all the resistances in the components of the circuit, the bigger the resistance of a component, the bigger the share of the total PD

84
Q

How do you find the cell voltage total

A

add up all the seperate cell voltages

85
Q

what are parallel circuits

A

they are circuits in which each component is seperately connected to the positive and negative end of the supply, if you remove one of them it will hardly affect the others at all

86
Q

is the pd seperate or all the same in each component in a series cell

A

all the same in each component

87
Q

what happens to current in a parrelel circuit

A

it is shared between each branch, in parallel circuits the total current flowing around the circuit is equal to the total of all the currents through the seperate components

88
Q

what are the exceptions to the parralel and series circuit rules

A

voltmeters and ammeters,
ammeters are always connected to the series even in a parallel circuit
voltmeters are always connected in parallel with a component even in a series circuit

89
Q

what do potential differences add up to equal?

A

the osurce pd

90
Q

what is the total resistance

A

the sum of the resistances in a circuit

91
Q

give an example of something used in a series circuit

A

christmas lights

92
Q

why is a parallel circuit needed in a car

A

so that everything can be turned off and on seperately and so everything always gets the full voltage of the battery

93
Q

what is the ac and dc stand for in mains and batters supply

A

alternaiting current and direct current

94
Q

what is a cathode ray oscilloscope

A

if you plug an ac supply into an oscilloscope, you get a trace on the screen that goes up and down to show how the voltage supply changes in time in a regular pattern.

95
Q

what does the vertocal height on a oscilloscope mean

A

it shows the input voltage

96
Q

what is the firmula to find frequency

A

frequency (Hz) = 1 over the time period

97
Q

what are the 3 wires in a cable and what are they for

A

the livewire (brown) alternates between a positive and negative voltage

the neutral wire (blue) is always at OV electricity normally flows in and out through

the earth wire (yellow and green) is for protecting the wiring, and for safety, it workd together with a fuse to prevent fire ans shocks

98
Q

what are the metal parts of the inside of a plug made of and why

A

copper or brass as they are very good conductors

99
Q

why is the cable grip made of plastic or rubber

A

as they are flexible and good insulators

100
Q

how do earthing and fuses prevent electrical overloads

A

if a fault develops in which the live wire somehow touches the metal case, then because the case is earthed. too great a current flows through the live wire. through the case and down the earth wire, the surge in current melts the fuse and when the ammount of current is greater than the fuse rating, this cuts off the live supply and breaks the circuit making it impossible to get an electric shock

101
Q

why are circuit breakers better than fuses

A

when circuit breakers detect a surge in current in a circuit, they break the circuit by opening a switch. and they can be easily reset

102
Q

what is a wasted product of a filament bulb

A

heat, because it is a heated strop of wire that is heated up so much till it glows, this means that it wastes alot of energy

103
Q

how can we waste less heat in light bulbs

A

we can buy the bulbs that are more energy efficient and so less energy is wasted in heat although these are more expensive

104
Q

why are fuses still used as aopse to circuit breakers

A

they are cheaper

105
Q

how do you find the energy transferred

A

power x time

106
Q

what is the formuka for power?

A

power = current x potential difference

107
Q

what is the potential difference

A

the energy transferred per charge passed

108
Q

what is the formuls for energy transformed

A

charge x potential difference

109
Q

Who was earnest rutherford

A

He was the persone who descovered the nuclear mudel of the atom

110
Q

What wa the plum pudding theory

A

JJ Thompson suggested that atoms were spheres of positive charge with tiny negative electrons stuck in them like plums in plum pudding

111
Q

what is the atomic number of an element

A

the total number of protons in one atom of it,

112
Q

what is the mass number of an element

A

the total number of protons and nuutrons in one atom of it

113
Q

What are unstable isotopes

A

they are radioactive, meaning that they decay into other other elements and give out radiation.

114
Q

Where does all radiation come from

A

unstable reaioactive isotopes undergoing nuclear decay and spitting out high energy particles

115
Q

What are alpha particles

A

they are helium nuclei, they are relatively big and heavy and move slowly, they dint penetrate materials and can be stipped quickly

116
Q

What are beta particles

A

electrons, these are in between alpha and gamma in terms of their properties. They move wuite fast and they are quite small. They penetrate moderately before colliding and are moderately ionising too. For every beta particle emmitted a neutron turns to a proton in the nucleus

117
Q

What are gamma rays?

A

Gamma rays penetrate a long way into materials without being stopped, this means that they are weakly ionising because they tend to pass through rather than colliding with atoms. Eventually they hit something and do damage

118
Q

What is radiation from space known as

A

cosmic rays

119
Q

what are the relative proportions of nackround radiation

A 
51% radon gas
10% cosmic rays
14% building materials and rocks
12% food
12% medical xrays
1% nuclear industry
120
Q

why do pilots have a higher chance of getting some forms of cancer

A

because they fly at high altitudes so are more exposed to cosmic rays

121
Q

why might underground mines be exposed to radiation more

A

because of all the rocks around

122
Q

How does the nuclear chain reaction work

A

If a slow moving neutron gets absorbed by a uranium or plutonium nucleus, the nucleus can split. Each time a uranium or plutonium nucleus splits up, it spits out two or three neutrons, one of which might hit a another nucleus, causing it to split and keel the chain reaction going. When a large atom splits in 2 it will form 2 lighter elements. These new nuclei are usuailly radioactive because they have the wrong number of nuclei in them

Yr 10 Physics (3 decks)

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