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shitty geography > P2 Changing Economic World > Flashcards

P2 Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

Describe an LIC

A
  • 30 of the worlds poorest countries
  • most people have: poor quality of life
  • inadequate services and few opportunities
  • many are in Africa and the Middle East
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2
Q

Describe NEEs

A
  • experiencing rapid economic growth and development
  • often based on industrial development
  • incomes are rising and most people enjoy a reasonable standard of living
  • countries such as Brazil, India and China are NEEs
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3
Q

Describe an HIC

A
  • 80 countries
  • good standard of living based on relatively high income
  • efficient modern industries
  • high proportion of people working in the service sector
  • generally are countries in the northwest of Europe and the USA, Japan, Australia and New Zealand
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4
Q

Define the term development

A
  • the progress of a country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced
  • also is applied to peoples improvements in quality of life
  • e.g educational opportunities, increased incomes, human rights, healthy living conditions
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5
Q

What is GNI and what does it measure

A
  • gross National income
  • measured as GNI per capita ( total income divided by number of people)
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6
Q

What are the global variations of GNI

A
  • huge global variations
  • e.g Norway $69,610 vs Somalia $105
  • most of the poorest countries are in Africa
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7
Q

What are the limitations of GNI

A
  • they are average figures which can be misleading as a few wealthy people in a poor country can distort the figures
  • in poorer countries many people work in farming or in the informal sector meaning their income is not taken into account by the GNI records
  • data about income is sensitive and people may not always be honest
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8
Q

What does birth rate measure

A
  • the number of live births per 1000 population
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9
Q

what is the global variation of birth rate ?

A
  • high birth rates are associated with poorer countries
  • this is due to a high infant mortality rate
  • large families ensure a decent income for the family and provide support for ageing parents
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10
Q

what are the limitations of birth rate

A
  • birth rates are a good measure of economic and social development
  • some LICs still have low birth rates due to political decisions to focus investment in health care over other sectors
  • birth control policies can distort this
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11
Q

what does death rate measure

A
  • the number of deaths per 1000 population
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12
Q

what are the global variations of death rate

A
  • relatively low around the world due to basic improvements in health care
  • death rates could be high in HICs due to ageing population
  • lowest death rates in NEEs where people live longer yet aren’t dyeing of old age
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13
Q

what does infant mortality measure

A
  • number of deaths of children aged less than 1 per 1000 population
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14
Q

what are the global variations of infant mortality

A
  • vary enormously
  • highest values in African countries
  • lowest values in HICs
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15
Q

what are the limitations of infant mortality

A
  • good measure of health care as it reflects levels of health care and service provision in the country
  • in the poorest countries deaths of infants may not be reported
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16
Q

what does life expectancy measure

A
  • average number of years a person can be expected to live at birth
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17
Q

what are the global variations of life expectancy

A
  • in HICs life expectancy can be over 80 years
  • NEEs can be between 65 and 75
  • LICs is typically in the 50s
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18
Q

what are the limitations of life expectancy

A
  • good measure as it reflects health care and service provision
  • data is not always reliable especially in LICs
  • high infant mortality rate
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19
Q

what does people per doctor measure

A
  • can be expressed as doctors per 1000 population
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20
Q

what are the global variations of people per doctor

A
  • huge variations between LICs and HICs
  • UK 1 doctor per 350 people compared to Afghanistan, 1 doctor per 1,400 people
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21
Q

what are the limitations of limitations of people per doctor

A
  • people are seeking help and advice by using mobile phones
  • becoming popular in India and is not included in the data
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22
Q

what does literacy rates measure

A

percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills

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23
Q

what are the global variations of literacy rates

A
  • most HICs have literacy rates of 99%
  • in LICs rates can be below 50%
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24
Q

what are the limitations of literacy rates

A
  • good indicator of development though can be hard o measure
  • especially in LICs due to lack of monitoring
  • war zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure
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25
Q

what does access to safe water measure

A

percentage of people with access to safe mains water

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26
Q

what are the global variations of access to safe water

A
  • in the EU all people should have access to safe water by law
  • access in many LICs is poor
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27
Q

what are the limitations of access to safe water

A
  • data collection in LICs is inaccurate
  • this means the problem may be underestimated
  • people may have access to safe water but not be able to afford it
  • pipe leaks and natural disasters can deprive people of piped water
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28
Q

what does human development index (HDI) measure ?

A
  • composite measure using data on income, life expectancy and education to calculate an index from 0-1
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29
Q

what are the global variations of HDI

A
  • highest HDI values are in HICs and lowest in African LICs
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30
Q

what are the limitations to HDI

A
  • developed by the united nations
    -> most commonly used measure of development
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31
Q

what is a definition of the demographic transition model

A
  • a graph that plots changes i birth and death rates over time and shows how the population grows in response
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32
Q

what is a description of stage 1 (high fluctuating) of the demographic transition model

A
  • birth and death rates are both high and fluctuating
  • cancel each other out
  • stable but low population
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33
Q

what are the links to development for stage 1 ( high fluctuating) of the demographic transition model

A
  • high birth rate reflects high infant mortality rate from poor healthcare
  • high death rate reflects poor healthcare and diseases
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34
Q

what are some present day country examples of stage 1 in the demographic transition model

A
  • no countries are in stage one but some isolated tropical rainforest tribes are
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35
Q

what is a description of stage 2 (early expanding) of the demographic transition model

A
  • death rate starts to fall the drops rapidly
  • birth rate remains high
  • increasing natural rise means population increases
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36
Q

what are the links to development for stage 2 (early expanding) of the demographic transition model

A
  • improvements in basic health care and living conditions
  • lower infant mortality rate
  • lowers death rate
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37
Q

what is a present day example for stage 2 (early expanding) of the demographic transition model

A
  • Afghanistan has a high birth rate and a falling death rate
  • 80% of the population is involved in farming where kids are needed to work on the land
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38
Q

give a description for the 3rd stage ( late expanding) of the demographic transition model

A
  • death rate continues to fall before levelling off
  • birth rate falls rapidly
  • population continues to rise as birth rate is still higher than death rate
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39
Q

what are the links to development for the 3rd stage ( late expanding) pf the demographic transition model

A
  • further improvements in healthcare and living conditions( safe: water, diet, sanitation)
  • fewer children are needed to work on the land
  • higher survival rates cause birth rate to fall
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40
Q

what is a present day example of stage 3 ( late expanding ) in the demographic transition model

A
  • many NEEs have these characteristics
  • Brazil’s birth rate is 13.5 per 1000 and death rate 6.4 per 1000
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41
Q

give a description of stage 4 ( low fluctuating) of the demographic transition model

A
  • birth and death rate are low and fluctuating
  • they cancel each other out
  • population growth slows and levels off
42
Q

what are the links to development for stage 4 ( low fluctuating )of the demographic transition model

A
  • high standards of health care
  • good living conditions
  • women chose to study and follow careers decreases the birth rate
  • economic conditions may cause the birth rate to fluctuate
  • death rate remains mostly low
43
Q

give a present day country example for stage 4 ( low fluctuating ) in the demographic transition model

A
  • most HICs are in this stage
  • USA
  • natural increase ensures that the population continues to grow slightly
44
Q

give a description of stage 5 ( natural decrease) in the demographic transition model

A
  • death rate remains constant
  • birth rate dips
  • results in an aging and declining population
45
Q

what are the links to development for stage 5 ( natural decrease ) of the demographic transition model

A
  • fall in birth rate can result from an economic turndown or increasing numbers of women choosing to follow careers instead of having large families
46
Q

what is a present day country example of stage 5 ( natural decline) of the demographic transition model

A
  • European countries such as Germany
47
Q

what are 3 physical causes of uneven development

A
  • weather and climate
  • water shortages
  • land locked countries
48
Q

describe how weather and climate is a physical cause of uneven development

A
  • extreme conditions such as heavy rainfall, droughts or extreme heat
  • these create difficult conditions for economic development
  • parts of western and central Africa experience limited rainfall
  • creates fragile life in hostile conditions
    -2016 1000 people were killed by a hurricane
49
Q

describe how landlocked countries is a physical cause of uneven development

A
  • countries without a coastline lack the benefits of sea trade
  • a coastline acts as an international border providing huge opportunities for trading with other nations
  • many low ranking HDIs have no coastline 7/10
50
Q

describe how water shortages is a cause of uneven development

A
  • water is essential for life and for development
  • some parts of the world foe example parts of Africa and the middle east experience serious shortages of water
51
Q

what are the 2 main economic factors causing uneven development

A
  • poverty
  • trade
52
Q

how is poverty an economic factor for uneven development

A
  • the lack of money in a household, community or country slows development
  • it prevents improvements to living conditions, infrastructure, education and training
  • without the basics development in agriculture will be slow and an economy will fail to take of
53
Q

how is trade an economic factor for uneven development

A
  • vast majority of the worlds trade involves the richer countries of Europe, Asia and north America
  • most of the worlds TNCs are based in HICs
  • LICs have limited access to the markets and trade in low value raw materials
  • the value of these raw materials (commodities) has fluctuated wildly causing instability as countries strive to become developed
54
Q

what are the historical causes for uneven development in HICs

A
  • many HICs have experienced a long history of development based upon agricultural and industrial growth and international trading
  • in recent decades rapid industrialisation has taken place in countries such as China and other (NEEs)
55
Q

what are the historical causes for uneven development in LICs

A
  • many LICs were colonised by powerful trading nations such as the UK, France and Spain
  • much of Africa, south America and Asia were bought under the economic and administrative control of powerful European empires
  • many of these countries were exploited for their raw materials and over 10 million people were exported from Africa to work as slaves
  • it was during these colonial era were uneven development began
56
Q

what are the causes for uneven development in colonial countries

A
  • most colonial countries became independent in the mid twentieth century
  • however since independence many have been affected by power struggles and civil wars, and cope with the hundreds of years of exploitation
  • they face huge challenges such as poor infrastructure, lack of administrative experience and political instability
57
Q

what are the 3 consequences of uneven development

A
  • disparities in wealth
  • international migration
  • disparities in health
58
Q

describe how disparities in wealth a consequence of uneven development

A
  • children can suffer from malnutrition or malnourishment
  • in LICs malaria and tuberculosis account for 1/3 of all deaths
  • in 2018 malaria causes 405,000 deaths, mostly African children
  • the environmental condition in Africa create the ideal reeding conditions for mosquitos
    -> the lack of preventative measures means that people become infected and die
  • in HICs chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease and dementia are the main causes of death
59
Q

describe how internal migration is a consequence of uneven development

A

there are 2 types of migration:

  • economic migrant-> a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life abroad
  • refugee-> a person who has been forced to move, often due to conflict or natural disaster, and seek sanctuary in a foreign country

facts:

  • about 35% of total wealth is held in north America by just 5% of the worlds population
  • Africa’s share of global wealth is about 1%
  • China is one of the words fastest growing countries in terms or wealth- along with India, average person wage has quadrupled since 2000
60
Q

describe how disparities in health is a consequence of uneven development

A
  • countries with low levels of development tend to experience poor health care
  • limited access to doctors, health clinics or hospitals
  • high infant mortality rate
  • in LICs 40% of deaths are in children under 15 compared to 1% in HICs
  • in HICs 70% of deaths are people aged over 70% compared to 20% in LICs
61
Q

what are the 7 strategy’s used to reduce the development gap

A
  • investment
  • industrial development and tourism
  • aid
  • intermediate technology
  • fairtrade
  • debt relief
  • microfinance loans
62
Q

describe how investment is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A

countries, organisations and TNCs invest in LICs to increase profits
- investments lead to improved infrastructure, services, dams and reservoirs and industrial development
- over 2000 Chinese companies have invested in Africa E.G HEP in Madagascar
- companies such as google, IBM and Walmart have all invested in Africa
- investment can provide employment opportunities and increase incomes, thereby reducing the development gap

63
Q

describe how industrial development and tourism is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A
  • provides employment
  • increases individual wealth and results in improvements in education, heath care and service provision
  • industrialisation has promoted development in countries such as Brazil and Mexico
  • tourism provides a valuable source of foreign exchange and can lead to improvements in infrastructure, education and health care
  • tourism creates employment opportunities and raises incomes
64
Q

describe how aid is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A
  • often takes the form of financial support from other countries, international organisations and charities
  • short-term emergency aid is given in response to natural disasters
  • long-term aid supports development projects such as improving water supply, sanitation and energy provision
  • UK aid supports educations projects in Pakistan
65
Q

describe how intermediate technology is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A
  • appropriate in many countries for supporting local development projects involved with agriculture, water and health
  • for example local labour and materials were used to construct a small dam in Ethiopia
  • through improvements at the grass roots level the development ap can be reduced
66
Q

describe how fairtrade is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A
  • fairtrade is an organisation that promotes fair wages for farmers in LICs
  • the international organisation guarantees the farmers a fair price and invests money into local community projects
  • in Uganda coffee farmers have benefitted from fairtrade, processing their own coffee beans to increase the export value of the crop, this helps reduce the development gap
67
Q

describe how debt relief is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A
  • many countries borrowed money in the 1970’s and 80’s to invest in development projects
  • some countries have fallen into serious debt, unable to pay back the loans or pay back the high rates of interest
  • in 2019 the IMF decided to cancel the debts of 19 of the worlds poorest countries
  • this money can now be used for development projects, improving the lives of millions and helping to improve the development gap
68
Q

describe how micro finance loans is used as a strategy to reduce the development gap

A
  • small scale financial support to help individuals or community groups to start small businesses
  • if successful these businesses will create jobs and increase peoples income
  • for example the Grameen bank in Bangladesh, the bank lends money to women to buy a mobile phone so they can check the market prices when selling agricultural produce
69
Q

what is the case study to illustrate how the growth of tourism can reduce the development gap

A
  • Tunisia
70
Q

give some country details for Tunisia

A
  • attractive climate, with hot and sunny summers and mild winters
  • historic and cultural attractions
  • Mediterranean beaches
  • Sahara desert
  • good air connections with Europe
  • in 2017 7.1 million tourists visited
71
Q

how does tourism reduce the development gap in Tunisia

A
  • created 370,000 jobs, brought in $1 billion into the country and boosted local incomes, in 2020 tourisms contributions to GDP was 35.3%
  • local businesses have benefited from the development of coastal resorts
  • agricultural sector has benefited by producing food for tourists
  • government has invested money in the health service and in education
  • literacy rates have increases form 66%-82% as has life expectancy
72
Q

why is Nigeria’s location important

A
  • country in west Africa and bordered by Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon
  • southern Nigeria borders the gulf of guinea, part of the Atlantic ocean
  • located just north of the equator Nigeria experiences a range of climates and natural environments, with tropical rainforest in the south and semi desert in the north
  • 3x the size of the UK and 3x population of UK
  • most Populous and economically powerful country in Africa, economic growth is based on oil
73
Q

why is Nigeria globally important

A
  • worlds 27th largest economy and has experienced a rapid growth in GDP
  • ranked 13th in the world by size of population
  • 12th largest oil producer
  • Lagos is a thriving ‘ world city’ with a strong economic and financial base
  • Nigeria plays an important peacekeeping role in world affairs
74
Q

why is Nigeria regionally important

A
  • one of Arica’s fastest growing economies and has the highest GDP on the continent
  • third largest manufacturing sector in Africa and the continents highest population
  • highest farm output in Africa, has the highest number of cattle (20.7 million)
  • seen as an indicator for the whole continent
75
Q

how is Nigeria politically important

A
  • 1833, European ‘superpowers’ created the political map of Africa, for many years, Europeans exploited African resources and promoted slavery
  • Nigeria achieved independence from the UK in 1960, but then experienced political instability as different factions fought for control, civil war from 1967-1970
  • in 1991, Abuja became Nigeria’s capital city, from 1999 the country has been largely stable, enjoying the free and fair elections in 2015 and 2020
  • this has encouraged investment, particularly from China ( construction projects) and the USA ( Walmart and Microsoft)
76
Q

how is Nigeria culturally important

A
  • Nigeria’s social diversity has created a rich and varied artistic culture, which thriving music, film and literacy sectors
  • it has its own version of ‘Bollywood’ called ‘Nollywood’ - one of the largest film industries in the world
  • the Nigerian football team has won the African cup of nations on 3 occasions, and many players belong to premier league clubs in the UK
77
Q

how is Nigeria socially important

A
  • it is a multi-cultural, multi-faith society with several tribes, including the Yoruba, Hausa and Fulani. several faiths such as Christianity and Islam
  • social diversity is one of Nigeria’s greatest strengths, it had led to some regional conflicts and power struggles
  • the rise of the Islamic fundamentalist group Boko Haram has caused conflict and hindered economic development
78
Q

how is Nigeria environmentally important

A

Nigeria’s global location places it within the tropics:
- to the south, high rainfall promotes tropical rainforest. in this region, tree crops include coco, rubber and oil palm
- further north, as rainfall decreases, grassland (savanna) replaces trees, here, people grow crops such as millet, cotton and groundnuts and cattle graze on the savanna
- an upland plateau region - the Jos plateau- experiences cooler and wetter conditions ( more favourable for farming) than the surrounding savanna
- the far north has semi-desert conditions, with nomadic grazing of cattle

79
Q

how are Nigeria’s industrial structure and economy balance changing

A
  • largest economy in Africa
  • ones of the fastest growing economy’s in the world
  • however 100 million people in Nigeria live on less than $1 a day
  • wealth is focused in the south rather than north
  • economy used to be dominated by the agriculture sector
  • rapid industrialisation means that over 50% of the country’s GDP now comes from the manufacturing and service sectors
  • increase in investment and political stability have led to rapid rise in manufacturing
80
Q

how are oil and gas important to Nigeria’s economy

A
  • discovered in the 1950’s
  • extracted from the Niger Delta
  • fuelled Nigeria’s industrial revolution and attracted massive foreign investment
  • however fluctuating prices, and social and environmental issues in the delta region, have created economic turbulence
81
Q

how is manufacturing important to Nigeria’s economy

A
  • fastest growing sector
  • has a large, cheap labour force and a huge market
  • many industries benefit from links with one another, for example petrochemicals, plastics and detergents
82
Q

how can the growth of the manufacturing sector stimulate economic growth

A
  • attracts foreign investment to the country
  • increased employment results in higher taxes, which the government can use to expand the economy further an improve social conditions
  • increased employment opportunities and higher wages increases consumer demand, which in turn increases the market and leads to further growth and investment in industry
  • stimulates the growth of the service sector-finance, retailing, and communications, leading to overall economic growth
  • encourage the establishment and growth of linked industries, supplying raw materials or components to each other
83
Q

why is the exploitation of Nigeria’s oil controversial

A
  • tankers transport oil to Europe and the USA where it is refined into petroleum products, the TNCs make most of their profits from refined oil
  • there have been many oil spills in the fragile deltaic environment, causing water pollution and damaging fisheries
  • oil flares and toxic fumes have increased air pollution
  • social unrest has led to theft, sabotage and violent crime
84
Q

how many TNCs are there in Nigeria

A
  • around 40
  • most have their HQs in Europe or the USA, increasingly Asian TNCs are investing in Nigeria
85
Q

what are the advantages of TNCs

A
  • large companies provide employment and training of skills
  • modern technology is introduced
  • companies often invest in the local area, therefore improving roads and social amenities
  • local companies may benefit by supplying the TNCs
  • TNCs have many international business links, helping industry to thrive
  • government benefit from export taxes, providing money that can spent on improving education and health services
86
Q

what are the disadvantages of TNCs

A
  • can exploit the low-wage economy and avoid paying local taxes
  • working conditions may be poor, with fewer rules and regulations that exist in other richer countries
  • environmental damage may be caused
  • higher paid management jobs are often held by foreign nationals
  • most of the profit goes abroad rather than benefitting the host country
    incentives used to attract TNCs could have been spent supporting Nigeran companies
87
Q

how are Nigeria’s political relations with the rest of the world changing

A
  • originally part of the British Empire, so most political and trading links are with the UK
  • became independent in 1960m became part of the commonwealth maintaining strong links with the UK but also developing links elsewhere E.G Asia
  • plays a leading political role within Africa in terms of economic planning through the African Union and peacekeeping as part of the united nation’s
  • links with China are growing as Nigeria benefits from increased investment, such as $12 billion to construct a new 1400km railway
88
Q

how are Nigeria’s trading relationships with the rest of the world changing

A
  • Imports: main imports are refined petroleum products from the EU and the USA, cars from Brazil, mobile phones from China, as well as staple food crops such as rice and wheat
  • Exports: almost 50% of Nigeria’s exports are to the EU and include crude oil, natural gas, rubber, cotton and cocoa, most pf Nigeria’s crude oil is exported to India, China and Japan. 30% of Nigeria’s cotton is exported to Australia and 15% to Indonesia
  • Nigeria belongs to several trading groups such as ECOWAS and OPEC
89
Q

what are the 6 types of international aid that Nigeria receives

A
  • official development assistance ODA
  • voluntary aid
  • multilateral aid
  • bilateral aid
  • short term emergency relief
  • long term development assistance
90
Q

how have NGOs and community based projects helped people

A
  • the Aduwan help centre in northern Nigeria, supported by action aid and the world bank, provides vaccinations and general health care, particularly for mothers and babies
  • anti-mosquito nets are provided by ‘nets for life’
  • community care in Nigeria funded by USAAID supports orphans and vulnerable children
  • aid from the USA helps to educate and protect people against AIDS/HIV
91
Q

describe what official development assistance is

A
  • a type of international aid that Nigeria receives
  • is given by governments and paid for by taxes
  • for this reason it is sometimes unpopular with taxpayers in those countries
92
Q

describe what voluntary aid is

A
  • given by individuals or companies and distributed through charities and non-governmental organisations like OXFAM
93
Q

describe what multilateral aid is

A
  • given to countries through international organizations like the world bank or the IMF
94
Q

describe what bilateral aid is

A
  • given directly by one country to another
  • sometimes it is tied aid with conditions attached
  • for example the recipient may need to buy good from the donors country with the aid money
95
Q

what is short term emergency relief

A
  • cope with immediate problems caused by disasters like earthquakes and wars
96
Q

describe what long term developmental assistance is

A
  • helps people to improve their lives through education, health care or agricultural development
97
Q

how is mining and oil extraction an environmental impact of economic development

A
  • resulted in serious incidents of pollution, particularly involving oil spills and fires in the Niger Delta, causing damage to aquatic ecosystems and toxic fumes being released to the atmosphere
  • tin mining has polluted local water supplies and resulted in soil erosion
  • in 2008/09 2 massive oil spills devastated 20 square kilometres of natural swamps close to the town of Bodo in the Niger Delta
  • in 2015 shell agreed to pay £55 million compensation to the community and clean up the effected area
98
Q

how is industrial development an environmental impact of economic development

A
  • the speed of industrial growth means that many large scale industrial developments are unregulated and lack planning consent
  • in major cities of Lagos and Kano toxic chemicals are discharged into drains and open sewers, posing dangers to human health
  • chimneys emit poisonous gases that can affect people and contribute to global warming
  • deforestation is a major issue up to 80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed
99
Q

how is urban growth an environmental impact of economic development

A
  • the rapid growth and outwards sprawl of urban centres such as Lagos have had significant impacts on the environment large areas of countryside have been lost, swallowed up by industrial developments or squatter settlements
  • the lack of sanitation and inadequate waste disposal cause land and water pollution and the fumes caused by traffic congestion contribute to climate change
  • the development of Abuja resulted in areas of rich natural vegetation being replaced by concrete this reduces levels of biodiversity
100
Q

how does economic development affect peoples quality of life ( overview)

A

-many people remain poor, particularly in rural areas in the north
- a great many people have benefitted from economic development, Nigeria’s HDI has increased steadily since 2006 from below 0.46 to 0,539 in 2019, one of the fastest growing HDIs in the world

101
Q

how does economic development affect peoples quality of life (since 1980)

A
  • life expectancy has increased from 45.6 to 54
  • access to safe water has increased from 46% to 70%
  • expected years in schooling has increased from 6.7 to 10
  • over 87% of Nigerians now have mobile phone subscriptions and 47% have internet access
102
Q

how does economic development affect peoples quality of life (for the future)

A
  • the issue of individual and government corruption needs to be addressed to ensure wealth reaches all
  • oil revenues need to stimulate growth across the economy and should be used to diversify Nigeria’s industry
  • Environmental issues such as soil erosion, desertification, malarial breeding grounds and oil spills need to be addressed
  • ethnic and religious conflicts need to be addressed sensitively

shitty geography (13 decks)

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