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BIO > P2 Module 4: Disease+Evolution > Flashcards

P2 Module 4: Disease+Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism that causes diesease. There are 4 types: bacteria, virus, fungi, protocist

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2
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease caused by a pathogen thats transmitted from one host to another

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3
Q

Bacteria special features (3)

A

-Not membrane bound
-Prokaryotes
-Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Bacteria Diseases (3)

A

-TB: Animals
-Bacterial menginigtis: Humans
-Ring rot: potatoes + tomatos

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5
Q

3 ways bacteria damage host

A

-Produce toxins which are poisionous and damage host cells (hc)
-Break down cell mem
-Interfere w hc genetic material therefore cells cant divide

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6
Q

Treatment for bacterial disease

A

Antibiotics

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7
Q

Virus features (2)

A

-No nucleus
-Non living: have to use host to reproduce

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8
Q

Virus disease (3)

A

-HIV/AIDS: humans
-Influenza: animals
-TMV: plants

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9
Q

How do viruses damage host?

A

-Take over cell metabolism
-Viral genetic material gets into hc and is inserted into host DNA.
-When we carry out protein synthesis we make copies of the virus
-Cell burst destroying the cell and spreading to infect other cells

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10
Q

Fungi features (3)

A

-Eukaryotic
-Cell wall made up of chitin
-Extracellular digestion + release spores

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11
Q

Fungi disease (3)

A

-Black sigatoka: bananas
-Ringworm: cattle
-Athletes foot: humans

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12
Q

How do fungi disease damage host?

A

-Digest living cells and destroy them
-Produce toxins which affect host cells and causes disease

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13
Q

Protocist features

A

-Group of eukaryotic organisms (mem bound)
-Parasitic (use people/animals as their host)
-May need vector

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14
Q

2 protcist disease

A

-Malaria
-Potato/ tomato late blight

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15
Q

How do protocist damage host?

A

-Digest and use cells contents to reproduce

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16
Q

Direct transmission

A

Disease is transmitted directly from one org to another

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17
Q

Examples of direct transmission (3)

A

Droplet
Sex
Touching infected organism

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18
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Disease transmitted from one organism to another via an intermediate

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19
Q

Examples of intermediate (4)

A

Air
Water
Food
Vectors

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20
Q

Animal defences (6)

A

-Skin
-Mucous membrane
-Blood clotting
-Inflammation
-Wound repair
-Expulsive reflex

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21
Q

2 ways the skin act as a barrier to disease?

A

-Physical barrier
-Blocks pathogens entering body

-Chemical barrier
-Produces antimicrobial chemicals which clow the growth of microorganisms

22
Q

How do mucous membranes act as a barrier to disease? (2)

A

-Protect body openings exposed to environment eg nose and ears

-Secrete mucus that traps pathogens and contains antimicrobial enzymes

23
Q

How do blood clotting act as a barrier to disease? (2)

A

-Blood clot= mesh of protein fibres
-They plug wounds to prevent pathigens entering

24
Q

How do inflammation act as a barrier to disease? (hotness and swelling)

A

-Swelling, pain, heat and redness
-Swelling: helps isolate any pathogens that entered
-Hot: vasodilation (widening blood vessels), making area hot, brings WBC to area to fight off pathogens

25
Q

How do expulsive reflexes act as a barrier to disease? (3)

A

-Coughing + sneezing
-Theyre attempts to expel foreign objects eg pathogens
-Automatic

26
Q

What are the two types of plant defences?

A

-Chemical
-Physical

27
Q

Physical Plant Defences (3)

A

-Waxy cuticle=physical barrier to path
-Surrounded by cell walls= phy barrier against path that make it past waxy cuticle
-Produce callose, which gets deposited between cell walls it makes it harder for path to enter

28
Q

Chemical Plant Defences

A

-produce antimicrobial chemicals which kill/ inhibit growth of pathogen

29
Q

Immune response (3)

A

-When path gets past primary defences and enters body immune response happens
-Its the bodys reaction to a foreign antigen
-Involves non specific and specific stages

30
Q

Diff between non specific and specific

A

Non= same way for all microorganisms
Specific= antigen specific, involves T and B lymphocytes

31
Q

Non specific immune response/ phagocyotsis (5)

A

-Cells at wounds release cytokins (chemicals which attract neutrophils to the area
-Phagocyte recognises path as foreign due to another chemical called opsonins
-Opsonins attach to antigens
-Phagocyte engulf path
-Path is contained in a phagosome
-Lysosome fuses w phagosome
-Phagocyte presents path antigens on surface = APC (antigen presenting cell)
-Triggering specific immune response

32
Q

Specific immune response pt 1 (T lympocytes) (5)

A

-Diff T lymp w diff receptors
-Receptors have comp shape to possible antigen that could enter body
-If antigen enters specific T lym bind to them = clonal SELECTION
-Then clonal EXPANSION happens when T lym w receptor thats comp divides by mitosis to produce clones of itself
-Differentiation occurs:
*T killer
*T memory
*T regulatory
*T helper

33
Q

Differentiation of T lym and their roles (4)

A

-T killer, kills body cells w virus
-T memory, if infection w same path occurs they go through clonal expansion and differentiate quickly
-T regulatory, suppress immune system
-T helper, release chemicals called interleukines which stimulate activation of B lym (this is an example of cell signalling)

34
Q

Specific immune response pt 2 (B lym) (4)

A

-Interleukins that T helper released will bind to receptor on surface mem of B lym
-Activating correct B lym
-B lym go thru clonal selection and have antibodies on their surface so one B lym will have comp antibody to antigen
-Go through clonal expansion and differentiation:
*B plasma
*B effector
*B memory

35
Q

Differentiation of B lym and their roles (3)

A

-B plasma cells: produce antibodies
-B effector: divide to form plasma cell clones
-B memory: if antigen enters body again cells go through clonal expansion and diff quickly to produce plasma cells

36
Q

Antibodies structure (4)

A

-Glycoproteins (proteins w carbohydrate group attached)
-Made up of 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light chains)
-Each chain has variable and constant region
-Has hinge region which allows flexibility

37
Q

Roles of antibodies (3)

A

-Agglutination
-Neutralising toxins
-Preventing path binding to human cells

38
Q

Antibody: Agglutination (4)

A

-Each antibody has 2 binding sites so antibody can bind to two path at same time
-Path clump together
-Phagocyte binds to antibodies and lots of path engulfed at once

39
Q

Antibody: Neutralising toxins (3)

A

-Toxins have diff shapes
-Antibodies called antitoxins can bind to toxins produced by path
-Which deactivates them and neutralises them

40
Q

Antibody: preventing path binding to human cells (2)

A

-Antibody binds to antigens and block cell surface receptors that path need to bind to host cells
-Therefore path cant attach or infect host cells

41
Q

Active Immunity + its 2 types

A

When immune system makes its own antibodies, theres 2 types:
-Natural eg if u have chickenpox as a kid u wont get it
-Artificial eg vaccination

42
Q

Passive Immunity + its 2 types

A

When you get given antibodies made by a different organism
-Natural eg baby milk/ placenta
-Artifical eg blood donations

43
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Immune system doesnt recognise self antigens and treat them as foreign antigens and launches an immune response against self tissues

44
Q

Herd Immunity

A

If most people are vacccinated disease becomes rare so people who havent been vaccinated are unlikely to catch it

45
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals that kill/ inhibit growth of bacteria
-Used to kill bacterial infections

46
Q

Personalised medicine

A

-Medicine tailored to individuals DNA, if Drs have ur genetic info they can predict how u will respond to diff drugs

47
Q

Synthetic biology

A

Uses technology to design and make artificial proteins, cells and microorganisms

48
Q

Agammaglobulinemia results in a lack of mature B lymphocytes in a person’s blood.
Suggest and explain one symptom of agammaglobulinemia.

A

Get infections easily as fewer Ab to cause pathogen destruction + fewer B lymp to provide immunity

49
Q

Natural Selection

A

-Individuals within pop show variation in their phenotypes (characteristics) eg by a mutation
-Selection pressures make it difficult to survive eg predation, disease and competition
-Indiv who possess advantageous allele are more likely to survive and have reproductive success (reproduce and pass advantageous allele onto offspring)
-Overtime proportion of pop w advantageous allele increases
-Over generations this leads to evolution as advantageous allele becomes more common

50
Q

Suggest how the immune system causes damage to the nervous system

A

-Antigens on neurones
-You produce antibodies against neurones
-Phagocytes attack+breakdown own neurones

51
Q

Using examples, explain how both genes and environment can cause animals to vary in their
specific immune responses. (6)

A

Genes
 inherit genes that code for immune cells /
antibodies (from parents)
examples: (B/T) lymphocytes, macrophages, etc
 different alleles code for different versions of
immune cells/antibodies
 ref. to gene segments recombining
 alleles code for many different variable regions
 reference to MHC alleles
 mutation produces new alleles (for antigens /
immune cells )

Environment
 exposure to different pathogens determines
immune response
 vaccinations produce primary immune responses
examples:MMR, BCG,HPV, (produce) memory
cells etc.
 reference to environmental influence on allergies
examples: pollen, hayfever, asthma, etc.
 poor diet can weaken immune system examples:
low levels of protein / vitamins, (reducing)
antibodies
 reference to epigenetic changes
examples: as a result of diet, stress, chemical
exposure
 (auto)immune diseases with an environmental
component / trigger
example: AIDS

52
Q

Explain why a booster vaccination is needed.

A

Memory cells reduced in number

BIO (7 decks)

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