Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geography > P2 - Regenerating Places > Flashcards

P2 - Regenerating Places Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

5 sectors of economy

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two ways that economies can be classified

A

Economic sector
Type of employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Demographic

A

Make up of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Demographic changes

A
  • ethnic composition
  • age structure
  • migrants
  • racism and prejudice
  • deprivation
  • gentrification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Three demographic changes

A

Ethnicity
Age structure
Gentrification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gentrification

A

Settlements where a minority groups culture is replaced by a dominant culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CASE STUDY:
gentrification on London riverside positives

A

Riverside paths opened to the public

Use of brownfield sites is more sustainable and reduces suburban sprawl

More attractive and stable areas invite further investment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CASE STUDY:
Gentrification on London riverside negatives

A

Cost £250 million

Displacement due to expanding middle class and increasing house prices

There has been a 45% price jump in London house prices since 2007

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CASE STUDY:
Gentrification on London riverside aims

A

Attempts to attract m/c back to the city

Between 2001-2005 - 47 new developments
with over 25 units in each one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can physical factors cause places to change?

A

Sea level rise and climate change cause rapid coastal erosion

Zero emission buildings integrated into urban planning - e.g. eco village and Greenwich millennium village, London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can accessibility and connectedness cause places to change?

A

Railway towns are in decline since motorway development

Villages in Kent are becoming increasingly popular due to HS1

Better broadband has made people more connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can historical development cause places to change?

A

Totness- introduced ‘transition town’ projects to protect its local culture and history- has a local currency, the totnes pound, which has helped local businesses to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can local and national planning cause places to change?

A

The national infrastructure plan (2010) has designed towns like Bicester as new ‘garden cities’ with up to 13,000 new homes and a new railway station

Some rural villages are in danger of being overrun by the expansion of urban areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Guildford key facts

A

SE of UK

In the county of Surrey- m/c county

30 miles from the centre of london

On the A3

40mins from Heathrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Scarborough key facts

A

NE of UK

county if Yorkshire- w/c county

1hr 36mins to Leeds

1hr 15mins to A1(M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Factors of a successful region

A

Low crime

Low levels of deprivation

High property prices

Good education

High life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CASE STUDY: Sydney

Facts that prove it is a successful city

A

259 different languages spoken

2001- over 450,000 businesses based in Sydney

43 out of 49 foreign banks operating in Australia have regional headquarters in Sydney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Factors of a declining region

A

More homelessness
High levels of deprivation
Declining population
High crime rate
Low income
Poor education
Poor healthcare
High unemployment
Run down building
Lower life expectancy
Deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Economic restructuring

A

The changing if the share of the sectors within a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the underpinning factors that have driven the success of the Berkshire corridor?

A

M4 runs along the county from east to west
Influenced by Heathrow airport and the M25
They have created a wide, flat floodplain for the rivers Thames and Kennet which is a great location for high quality urban living and work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the evidence that suggests the Berkshire is successful?

A

Thames Valley Berkshire Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) had only 0.4% of its neighbourhoods in the most deprived 10% of national areas
Property prices have risen 40-50% in the ten years from 2005

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the indicators of urban decline in Middlesbrough?

A

35,000 have left since its peak in the 1960s
Contains some of the most deprived wards in the UK with 10% of its wards in the bottom 1% of deprived areas in England
2014 Ofsted- 1/3 if all pupils attended schools that ‘required improvement’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the cause of Middlesbrough’s decline?

A

Deindustrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the major concerns of declining rural settlements?

A

An estimated 400 village shops and 700 rural pubs closed in Britain in 2010 alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the main priorities for declining rural settlements?
Open more shops to make the areas more appealing Regenerate housing to reduce areas of deprivation
26
What are the major concerns of sink estates?
Residents are twice as likely to have mental health problems 11x more likely to be unemployed and not be in education 9x more likely to live in a jobless household than residents on a council estate
27
What are the main priorities for sink estates?
Make the appearance nicer Have leisure places to reduce crime Good schools Security Access to livelihoods Environmental improvements
28
What are the major concerns with commuter villages?
Many people have moved out of urban areas into so called ‘wealth corridors’ where homes are nicer and have good transport links Lack of local services Tend to have affluent populations with low levels of deprivation
29
What are the main priorities for commuter villages?
Affordable housing Improved services Sustainable transport
30
What are the main concerns of gated communities?
Wealthy residents have secure buildings, walls or fenced Lack of community cohesion Gated communities can segregate the incomes from the locals
31
What are the main priorities of gated communities?
Integrate rich people back into the communities Open up the communities General community security Community engagement
32
What are sink estates?
High levels of social and economic deprivation High crime rates Built post WW2 to house working class Brutalist style - tall, cheap, fast to make EXAMPLE: Broadwater Farm, Tottenham: Built between 1967 and 1963 Aug 2011, resident shot dead , 2 days later protest march 11 blocks on estate failed structural tests £40M to fix = too £££
33
How many ppl. in UK live in gated communities?
1000 in UK, housing 5M ppl.
34
Growing rural areas: commuter villages case study
ITCHEN VALLEY, WINCHESTER: Benefits of growth: New local skl and pubs Become the commuter hotspot Problems of growth: House and land prices increased
35
Declining rural areas: Remote areas: example
POWYS, WALES Pop. under 700 Ppl. are leaving Shops and businesses close because they don’t have enough customers The ppl. left behind have nothing
36
Define ‘Engagement’
The ways that ppl. participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life or shape the future
37
Reasons for a lower turn out for local elections compared to national ones:
Perception that local issues matter less than national ones Less media coverage so less drive to vote May be less familiar with candidates
38
What factors affect levels of engagement?
Length of residence: New migrants and students may have less of an attachment Gender: Despite modern equality women may still feel unable to do certain things
39
What is a lived experience?
During a persons lifetime they will have diff life experiences depending on several life factors (eg. Family situation/ culture) which affects their judgements later on in life
40
CASE STUDY: Place engagement
GRAMPOUND, CORNWALL Village of 800 ppl Between St. Austell and Truro Nov 2014 sizeable crowd gathered for opening of new community shop Grampound struggled to keep basic services Thriving community. 2008 won best community in SW region Engagement is what created the community shop. 257/280 households in grampound became shareholders of the shop
41
Sources used for measuring need for regen:
Census data Photos Ofsted reports Interview residents etc
42
Example of source for measuring need for regen:
Rushmore borough council clip Qualitative -it’s of detail BUT: bias as council want to attract ppl
43
Why is infrastructure investment important?
1. Maintains economic growth Allows ease of trade, increases FDI, creates employment 2. Improves regional accessibility Stimulates growth, companies move in
44
National governments in regen infrastructure investment case study
HS2 London —> Birmingham —> Manchester —> Leeds BUT: Dec 2023 scrapped Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds due to cost and environment
45
What was the purpose of HS2?
More investment in midlands and north Thousands of jobs (multiplier effect) May change the economic geog of the country Better connections will help boost tourism industry worth over £200B annually
46
Controlling the rate of development: planning laws
Waverley Borough 4557 houses 5yrs House targets helps ensure economic regen in an area But local authorities may not always meet these targets as they are so high (Greenbelt —> area of green space around an urban area that’s protected from development )
47
Fracking
What is it? Recovery of natural gas from the earth 🟢provides natural gas 🟢attractive and profitable 🔴risks - contamination of freshwater - becomes toxic - water sources can’t be treated 🔴releases greenhouse gases Facts: Used since 1940s 60%+ of all new oil and gas is from fracking Can cause EQs
48
🔴🟢 international migration
🟢ppl to work 🟢multi cultural society benefits - diversity 🟢taxes - brings money 🔴lack of space 🔴pressures on services 🔴expensive - tax payer money or benefits?
49
National governments in regen decisions abt international migration and deregulation: Approach 1: open door policy
Favoured by Labour gov 1997-2010 Pace accelerated in 2004 when 10 additional countries joined EU
50
National governments in regen decisions abt international migration and deregulation: Approach 2: closed door policy
Favoured by Conservative govs. 2010 onwards David Cameron emphasised ‘good immigration not mass migration’
51
Regulation of capital markets
Clear rules abt what banks can and can’t do w/ ur money Clear rules and services abt who can and cant invest in stocks and shares - Ldn stock exchange
52
Why is regulation important?
Make sure banks in Britain don’t do risky investments so that ppls money can’t be lost due to bad investments on banks behalf
53
What is deregulation?
Margaret Thatcher gov 1986 Removal of all rules abt what investments banks could make 🟢increased FDI 🟢banks made more profits eg. Money invested into physical regen of Ldn docklands 🔴2008 financial collapse 🔴banks made risky investments and gave loans to ppl who couldn’t pay back
54
What is rebranding ?
Attempts to represent areas as being more attractive by changing public perception of them
55
Urban rebranding case study
GLASGOW Perceptions of Glasgow: Violence Poverty Rebranding: Hosted common wealth games 2014 (tourists, tv coverage, publicity) Shortlisted for Eurovision in 2023
56
How does rebranding work?
Involves re imaging places: Revive outdated image —> attract new investment Change negative perception —> attract new visitors Differentiate the city from others —> attracts new residents Showcase attractive features —> attract new customers
57
Why do areas become deindustrialised? What gets left behind?
Globalisation Spiral of decline Closure of secondary industry (global shift) Industrial heritage gets left behind (the beauty in old buildings)
58
Rural rebranding case study
CORNWALL Negative perceptions: Boring, nothing to do Rebranding strategies: Specialised products - World pasty championships at Eden Outdoor pursuits - English national surfing championships. Watergate bay. Best surf in country.
59
Literary associations case study
BRONTE COUNTY Brontë sisters. 3 authors. Eg) Withering heights, Jayne Eyre. West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennines Many visitors go every year to experience bleakness and desolation How is it rebranding? Marketed to attract visitors and revenue - hotspot for tourists Farm diversification made museums BUT their work is becoming outdated and less relevant in society
60
Factors defining how successful regeneration in a place is
High levels of inward migration (social/economic) Low levels of unemployment (econ) Low levels of multiple deprivation (social) Green space (envi)
61
Ways for assessing success of econ regen
Income Poverty Employment How? Census data Neighbourhood stats Current and historical data
62
Ways of assessing success of social regen
Inequality Deprivation Life expectancy Education How? Interviews Newspaper articles Blog entries Social media Secondary data
63
Ways of assessing success of living envi regen
Pollution Derelict/ abandoned land How? Photos EQS
64
CASE STUDY: Ldn dockland devel coorporation (LDDC)
Why was project needed? •To regen the depressed docklands •Govs response to severe econ physical and social damage caused by damage of the docklands What did the project include? •Regen an area of 8.5sq miles in 3 LDN boroughs •Brought land and buildings into effective use 🟢attracted businesses which created tertiary jobs 🔴poor envi quality 🔴house prices have risen (eg. Price of 2 bed flat in Canary Wharf has risen £300k since 2007
65
What is NIMBYism?
“Not In My Back Yard”
66
Who are the stakeholders that could be involved in urban regen projects?
Investors - make money Local gov - attract more ppl and business Local businesses - make more money Residents - better quality of life, green spaces, less crime National gov - reduction in deprivation, boosts economy
67
Stakeholders and their criteria for success
UK central gov. : Increase national economy Inequality reduced London assembly (regional gov): Want to attract ppl long term Boost Ldn tourism Local gov: Reduction in housing problems Envi improvement Local former businesses: QoL for employees New business opportunities Local residents: More affordable facilities (houses, shops) Maintain community and QoL Envi stakeholders: Reduced levels of pollution Increased biodiversity
68
Judging the success of urban regeneration case study
LONDON OLYMPIC GAMES 2012 🔴Cost: £12-20B 💰 🟢7000 temporary jobs created 💰 🟢5000 construction jobs created 👷‍♀️ 🟡(BUT 20% were short term and only recruited from local area) 📚 🔴11,000 relocated jobs 📚 🔴380 relocated companies 📞 🟢£10B generated for UK econ 💰 🟢5000 houses built 🏠 🟢4000 trees planted 🌳
69
Define a diversified economy
Diff types of jobs and tourism Rural areas regen is deemed successful if diversified econ
70
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Eden project
🟢created spin off interested in other local attractions 🟢employs 400 full time staff (95% locals)(600 including seasonal workers) 🟢each visitor spends approx. £150 on local economy 🔴increased traffic congestion (traffic times increased by up to 30mins) 🔴3500 cars that fills Eden projects car park generates more CO2 than all other sources in St. Austell combined 🔴local pollution levels increased
71
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Wave hub
Power research project situated 16km off Northern Cornwalls coast 2010 🔴£42M 🔴Has potential to damage wider marine renewable energy industry in Cornwall 🟢Aims to create 170 jobs and provide more electricity for more industry in Cornwall 🟢Equivalent power of 6-8 wind turbines
72
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Fifteen
🟢guarantee to train and support 20 disadvantaged young ppl annually to become professional chefs 🔴success only lasted 15 years - stopped drawing ppl in
73
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Uni
Falmouth has 4,000 students Exeter has 20,000 students Cornwall said to Exeter they wanted them to set up a campus in Cornwall —> attracted working age, attracts more physical degrees (geog/oceanography) which are tailored for Cornwall
74
What were the positives of Spitalfields markets?
Modern Diverse food options Clean Range of shops
75
What were the positives of Spitalfields markets?
Modern Diverse food options Clean Range of shops
76
What are the negatives of Spitalfields market?
Very busy around lunchtime Expensive, high end and independent shops
77
What were the positives of brick lane?
Not much has changed- still has the original infrastructure Vintage independent shops
78
What were the negatives of brick lane?
Lots of graffiti Some run down buildings Not many different shops- mostly low end independent shops
79
What is the evidence of gentrification in and around Spitalfields market?
In Fournier Street the buildings are being renovated in a style that is in keeping with the areas heritage The market now has new upscale, chain shops such as lululemon which have taken over from the independent market that used to be there
80
Why do you think businesses have chosen to be located in Spitalfields market?
Because it is a tourist area which means that it is easier for people to sell their products
81
Why do you think businesses have chosen to be located in Brick Lane?
The shops located their are individual low end shops suggesting that they located there because it is a poorer area so rent will be lower

Geography (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions