PA as a modifiable risk factor

Question 1

What is CVD?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease which includes all the diseases of the heart and circulatory system

Question 2

What are the effects of acute exercise on the CV system?

Answer 2

increases HR, SV, Q, BP, BF, avO2 diff, O2 consumption

Question 3

what is the function of the CV system

Answer 3

To ensure adequate blood flow through the capillaries of various organs

Question 4

Main cause of death with those with CVD?

Answer 4

Coronary heart disease

Question 5

What is is the major symptom of CHD?

Answer 5

Narrowing of the arterial lumen with plaque

Question 6

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

Narrowing of the arteries

Question 7

What are the physiological and lifestyle risk factors for CVD?

Answer 7

Physiological - genes, obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers
Lifestyle - smoking, diet, LOW PA

Question 8

What does Q stand for?

Answer 8

Cardiac output

Question 9

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 9

Q=HRxSV

Question 10

Why does SV increase during exercise?

Answer 10

Increase in cardiac filling = more forceful contraction

Question 11

What adaptations does training cause?

Answer 11

Increase in blood volume and reduced resistance to blood flow

Question 12

What does avO2 diff?

Answer 12

The difference between the O2 content of the blood between the arteries and veins

Question 13

What does avO2 show?

Answer 13

How much blood is utilised at the capillaries

Question 14

What is the Fick equation?

Answer 14

VO2 = Q x (A-VO2 diff)

Question 15

what are the physiological differences between trained and untrained?

Answer 15

Resting HR, Max HR, SV, Q, VO2max, BP, avO2 diff

Question 16

Why does the body adapt?

Answer 16

To deliver more O2 and nutrients to active muscles
to reduce delivery to low activity tissues
Become more effective at delivering O2 during submax exercise and VO2max

Question 17

How does a trained status Help prevent CVD

Answer 17

Improve blood flow, optimises delivery of blood and o2 uptake at cell level

Question 18

What are the 4 mechanisms of adaptation to the cardiovascular system with PA?

Answer 18

Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Enzyme activity
Blood Pressure
Endothelial function

Question 19

Which cholestrol is considered a major CHD risk factor?

Answer 19

Low levels of HDL, high levels of LDL

Question 20

What are the effects of acute exercise on HDL levels?

Answer 20

Increases levels an decreases triglycerides

Question 21

What is LPL?

Answer 21

Lipoprotein Lipase (enzyme)

Question 22

Where is LPL found?

Answer 22

Endothelium

Question 23

What is the endothelium?

Answer 23

The inner most layer of a blood vessel

Question 24

Which tissue is LPL mopst active in?

Answer 24

Adipose

Question 25

What is the role of LPL?

Answer 25

Regulates body weight and ensures free fatty acids are available for skeletal and cardiac muscles

Question 26

What reaction does LPL limit?

Answer 26

Hydrolyzation of TG

Question 27

What is the effect of acute exercise on LPL?

Answer 27

Activity of enzyme is increased

Question 28

How does PA effect blood pressure?

Answer 28

Keeps it within health range, can decrease it

Question 29

How does PA reduces BP?

Answer 29

Reduces peripheral resistance due to an increase in responsiveness of vasodilators

Question 30

Where are vasodilators found?

Answer 30

Endothelium

Question 31

What is the main vasodilator?

Answer 31

Nitric oxide

Question 32

What muscle can the endothelium interact with?

Answer 32

Vascular smooth muscle

Question 33

How does the endothelium interact with the muscle?

Answer 33

Its cells secrete vasodilators which diffuse into the smooth muscle

Question 34

Which mechanisms are improved with exercise in the endothelium?

Answer 34

Nitric oxide synthase activity increase in enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production decrease in enzyme responsible for premature nitric oxide break down (superoxide dismuatse)

Question 35

What is an NCD?

Answer 35

A medical condition defined by the fact it is non-infectious and non-transmissable

Question 36

What are NCDs a result of?

Answer 36

a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors

Question 37

What are some modifiable risk factors for NCDs?

Answer 37

Tobacco alcohol salt insufficient PA

Question 38

What are some metabolic risk factors for NCDs?

Answer 38

Elevated BP hyperglycemia Obesity Hyperlipidemia

Question 39

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 39

When a person has multiple metabolic symptoms

Question 40

What are the major trends in the UK?

Answer 40

Decrease in tobacco use Decrease in deaths from NCDs increase in obesity

Question 41

What is diabetes?

Answer 41

A disease that were someone has either the inability to produce insulin or they become unresponive to it

Question 42

What is hyperglycemia?

Answer 42

High blood sugar levels

Question 43

What happens when a person has chronic hyperglycemia?

Answer 43

Damage to the heart, eyes, extremities and kidneys

Question 44

How does increased PA effect someone with diabetes?

Answer 44

Lowers blood sugar levels as the muscle use it during exercise Has a protective effect by making cells more responsive to insulin

Question 45

What is COPD?

Answer 45

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a group of lung conditions

Question 46

What is the main characteristic of COPD?

Answer 46

Airway obstruction so it makes it harder to take in o2 and remove co2

Question 47

How does PA effect COPD

Answer 47

there are short and long term effects

Question 48

What is cancer?

Answer 48

A disease of the bodys own cells where they produce uncontrollably leading to a mass of cells called a tumour

Question 49

Which cancers have string links with increased PA?

Answer 49

Breast Digestive tract Liver Kidney

Question 50

What is arthritis?

Answer 50

Any disorder that effects joints

Question 51

What are the causes of arthiritus?

Answer 51

Reduced bone cartilage so bones rub together or inflammation of synovial membrane

Question 52

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 52

A condition that weakens the bone so they are more likely to be damaged