PA children 7-12 Flashcards

Question

Why may Screen time behaviour studies conflict with Cliff et al 2016

Answer 1

May be unique mechanisms for TV viewing/electron media to influence health and development in young ppl, not common to all SB Proxy report/ self Increasd sitting time and decreased energy expenditure Increased energy intake from unhealthy snacking and sugary beverage consumption during and following exposure Exposure to advertising Displacement of opportunities for social and education development Exposure to content which promotes socially undesorable behaviour Develoment of biological processes of dependence Interference of cognitive processes Displacement of MVPA

Answer 2

Difficult to say (issues with measuring): Measurement issues of SB Validity of cutpoints - standing still classified as SB in accelerometry However adult studies with these limitation still founds assoc Potential codependence of SB and PA (waking hours are finite so if not in SB then in LPA) therefore intrisically codependent Lower levels/ shorted lifetime exposure to SB Higher levels of PA and time in MVPA Healthier profiles for cardio-metabolic outcomes investigated in children Above 3 Indicated by: A day of prolonged sitting did not have adverse effects compared to a daybroken up with LPA Also: Some evidence that obese/ overwight children may benefit as unhealthier cardio-metab profiles, greater SB exposure or lower MVPA. allowing detection of adverse effects earlier.

Answer 3

Compositional analyses needed to understand optimal balance between SB, LPA, MVPA and sleep to maximise health and developments Further experimental evidence needed to detect shifts from sitting to standing or LPA More exp/log evidence using direct measure of sitting posture and examining multiple outocmes at different age groups independent of MVPA.

Answer 4

Premature to conclude that excessive SB does not adversely impact health and development in children and adolescents Adverse effects among adults and some evidence of tracking of SB across the life course, encouragement of limiting SB in children is prudent.

Answer 5

Limitations of evidence base No experimental studies <50% had low ROB Impacts strength of conclusions However finding were consitent across ROB categories (not adiposity meta) Cross sectional with some longitudinal in obesity Using activity monitors at hip/ wrist still limited to differentiate between sitting and standing likely leading to ST being overestimated Not all studies in evidence summaries included in met-analysis - not all authors contacted. Multiple markers of cardiometabolic measured in studies increasing chance of positive result Validity of outcome measured not considered - ROB But all but one psychological study were validatied

Answer 6

Wide range of health outcomes explored First to focus on objectively measured SB vol and patterns Categorised level of evidence for each outcome Findings enhances by examination of potential moderating effects of ROM and MVPA adjustment

Answer 7

Biological maturity affecting social factors | Do we socialise adolescent girls out of PA?

Answer 8

FFM much greater increase in males FM same % fat different to boys and girls

Answer 9

Females always higher, more marked after age 12 Both extremities and trunk Boys sigmoid - drops, increases, drops, increases (overall increasing less marked than girls) higher in extremities

Answer 10

Similar steady increase in male and female | Increases after puberty (age 12ish)

Answer 11

Epidemic = rapid rise in cases Both in developed and undeveloped UK not doing well Childhood remained stable over last 20 years - national health survey

Answer 12

80% healthy weight in reception Obesity = more extreme excess of adiposity Overweight = >= 85% Obesity >= 95% 91 and 98 may be better - these are used in letters for parents but 85 95 used in official statements Most sign posted national programme - Underweight = <=2% Year 6 More obese than overweight 65% Healthy Misclassification from BMI - tends to wash out over whole pop

Answer 13

Health Survey for England Similar stats Similar at 2-10, higher older for girls

Answer 14

Critical thought - Measurement issues Minimal training for nurses Calibrated scales should be used Check stadiometer for flexing No standardisation of time of day - loss of 2cm Eat more and drink more throughout the day Wholeschools disadvantaged if measured in the afternoon 7.5% of girls shifted to overweight or obese girls from measuring in afternoon

Answer 15

Overweight prev in West mid and London Obesity slightly diff - London and North East Sociodemographic and economic factors?

Answer 16

Statistically hard to say in 20 years More marked in Aus and US? Epidemic? Similar in obesity - 5% change

Answer 17

``` Not massive change Down in boys over time in reception Overall decrease in reception Year 6 Increasing ```

Answer 18

``` 1990 data = reference data Reception Slight shift to right Similar shape Year 6 children Heavy children getting heavier Skewness to the right ```

Answer 19

``` OSA Type 2 diabetes Gynacoglogical problems Abnormal mesnses Infertility PCOS ```

Answer 20

Disorder of breathing during sleep characterised by prolonged partial/ complete upper airway obstruction that disrupts normal ventilation and normal sleep patters Symptoms including havitual snoring, sleep difficulties and/or daytime neurobehavioural problems 1-1.5%

Answer 21

Lymphoid tissues blocking (milder lymphoid hypertrophy) associated with obesity Type II Obesity cause or consequence 1BMI increase above 50th% = 12% increase in OSA 45% of obese children with OSA have adenotonsillar hypertrophy

Answer 22

``` Clustering of most dangerous RFs for CVD and type 2 diabetes Abdominal obesity High cholesterol HBP Diabetes/ raised fassting glucose Raised fasting plasma glucose Children Many definitions in children Age specific cutoffs - IDF Includes Obesity (WC) Triglycerides HDL-C BP Glucose or T2DM Cant be diagnosed under 10 ```

Answer 23

Non-specific prevention guidelines due to lack of evidence IDF (international diabetes Fed) Moderate calorie restriction to achieve a 5-10per cent loss of body weight in first year Moderate increase in PA Change in dietary comp

Answer 24

Improved understanding of relationship between body fat and distribution Do early growth patterns predict future adiposity and other features (LBW too) Investigate definitions sensitive to normal variation Better measurement than BMI of central adiposity Ethnic specific, age specific cut points for waist circum

Answer 25

HBA1c and 1,5-anhydroglucitol potentially useful in screening in a pediatric obesity clinic

Answer 26

Destruction of islet cells within the pancreas causes this resistance Obesity a cause Other RFs

Answer 27

admission rates in youth <18yrs in UK icnreased by 63.5% from 96-04

Answer 28

earlier develop the clinical manifestations of T2DM, the earlier complications might appear

Answer 29

Metbaolic syndrome RFs better predicter of T2DM than Fx and fasting glucose

Answer 30

Hypertension Nephropathy - Microalbuminuria also RF assoc Dyslipidaemia - specifically TGs, total cholest, LDL, HDL-C Hepatic steatosis - increased risk of cirrhosis and portal hypertension -raised liver enzymes Subclinical risk factors Elevated CRP Reduced serum adiponectin Endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness? Central adiposity

Answer 31

Hypertension Nephropathy - Microalbuminuria also RF assoc Dyslipidaemia - specifically TGs, total cholest, LDL, HDL-C Hepatic steatosis - increased risk of cirrhosis and portal hypertension -raised liver enzymes Subclinical risk factors Elevated CRP Reduced serum adiponectin Endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness? Central adiposity

Answer 32

Duration and intensity should be considered in the prescription of a dose for management and prevention of T2DM in youth MVPA better correlated with overweight risk than total PA.

Answer 33

Early manifestation of T2DM PA important in prevention Resistnace in insulin-mediated glucose disposal causes Correlated with PA - RCTs confirm 40-60mins daily for a minimum of 4 months

Answer 34

Time spent watching TV, working on a comp or playing video games Related to obesity and metabolic risk Adiposity and RF clustering increase incrementally with incresing screen time, independent of PA patterns. Interventions targetting screen time attenuate weight gain in young children Should be targeted as an infependent RF for DM as it is a RF for obesity.

Answer 35

PA, >1hr MVPA daily and reduction of screen time below 2 hours daily - American Diabetes Association and American Heart association. Adolescents are asked to achieve total and sat fat intake <30% and 10% respectively, fibre intake 25-35g daily and increased consumption of fruit and veg. (based on adults with T2DM). Yet to perform RCT in children with T2DM, however shown to benefit metab profile in children without.

Answer 36

Enhance insulin sensitiveity Reduced SBP Lower Tc, raise HDLC Improve endothelial function

Answer 37

Reduce BP Improve lipoprotein profile v

Answer 38

CV profile lost within 3-6months of cessation of trianing

Answer 39

Anecdotally: family-based acceptance of and adherence to lifestyle change is the most powerful predictor of sucess of strategies.

Answer 40

Dose of exercise yet to be clearly defined: Review point to 40-60mins of MVPA 3-5times per week (support guidelines) RCT evidence of 150activity weekly - the LOOK Ahead trial in overwight adolescents with T2DM - reduction in body mass and almost all markers Looked at long term effectiveness Including albmin:creatine ratio More cohort and RCTs needed

Answer 41

Premature onset hyperglycaemia predicts increased risk of hard clinical endpoints Need aggressive strategies to achieve adequate cardioprotection for youth as T2Dm assoc with end-stage renal disease and CVD mortalitity Clinical target should include: Minimum 60-90mins of PA of MVPA daily <60mins screen time Achievement of weight loss of 7-10% for prevention and management of T2DM in youth

Answer 42

Hard to define sport e.g. Physical activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively Sport based on number doing it? Or overall governing body or IOC or competition or pay?

Answer 43

Lots of benefits, not just PA Makes up a large portion of children and adolescent's MVPA Benefits to energy expenditure Lots of psychosocial factors e.g. Assertive, self esteem, team work. Bad Are high levels of training harmful to a growing child? Burnout Could structured/speciallised sport cause premature drop out? Psychosocial reasons?

Answer 44

<7 years old

Answer 45

earlier the more PA

Answer 46

Only socialise with people in that sport If drop out may be hard Negative psychosocial impacts

Answer 47

No strong evidence that stature is stuned by female participation in gymnastics Maybe self-selected - often shorter and have an appropriate weight-for-height Secedonary sex characteristics, skeletal age and age at PHV indicate later maturation but overlap with gen pop

Answer 48

Talent ID and athlete selection Self selection and drop out The design of training and conditioning programmes and the potential for injury (late maturer?) Grouping of athletes for competition and practice Depends on skill/ sport Maturity and growth characteristic explained 41% of Vertical Jump Performance Advantage in early matureres Maturity much less in shooting accuracy 40m sprint time 50%

Answer 49

Are we missing out on potential sports talent as we are selecting people based on ability now... E.g. Some may be physically and mentally more advanced, doesn't mean they will be better later Talent selection should occur not talent IDNot about success of youth team now Talent ID should involve training large numbers of players instead of cutting all but the 'elite' ones May mature later to be of equal physical size

Answer 50

More exponsure to sport and confidence (not necessarily bio maturity) if born ealier in the year relative to children in the same age category Earlier birth dates selected often in non professions Levels out at pro level - suggest maturity status not as important Distribution gets more even over time May depend on position Goal keeper and defende earlier better? Influence self selection and talent selection in womens soccer in Switzerland Unlike male soccer, no RAEs in elite women's teams Ealier does not equal more mature

Answer 51

More skill/ reduce contact e.g. Touch rugby Elimination fast tracking? Bio-banding - Selection on size may lead to you reling on those characteristics and not necessarily skill, neglect technical development - Bio-banding group by % of adult height (at the moment done by height) - England Premier League Growth Study Scientify Advisory Group Use motor skills tests to monitor progress not select

Answer 52

Not loads of data Fairly stable levels in 16-25 Around half of 16-25 year olds Over last 25 years not much change in core sports Because??: Sport reaches those who are already engaged Competition with other interests - passive participation in children is discontinued

Answer 53

INcreased PA increased fitness Decreased risk of obesity/ chronic disease

Answer 54

Decreased depression Decreased suicidal thoughts Decreased high risk behaviour Improves self-concept/ self-worth

Answer 55

``` Enhances social skill Improves positive social behaviours Time management Academic achievement Improves character ```

Answer 56

Injuries Untrained coaches - poor quality often Inconsistent safety precautions Lack of sports science influencing policy and practices

Answer 57

Increased stress to be elite High rates of attrition - specialisation not recommended before 12-13 too competitive Inappropriate expectations to achieving scholarships/professional career

Answer 58

Expense Inconsistent funding to insure proper safety equipment, venues and equal participation Inequality across groups (socioeconomic, ethnic, geographic, gender)

Answer 59

``` Training of coaches Enforce sports safety Increase funding -safety education for coaches - improved policies and procedures - increeased participation by underserved groups - more facilities, proper safety equipment Rules and regs guided by science Pre-participation physicals ```

Answer 60

Positive parenting through apropriate praise and emphasis on fun more than winning Focus on goals of skill acquisition Positive reinforcement before, during and after games and practices] Promote desired behaviours -Sportsmanship -Punctuality -Preparedness

Answer 61

Emphasise fun De-emphasise winning Positive praise of team and individuals greater emphasis on PA than skill mastery Obtain education on youth athlete coaching Provide age appropriate instruction Gain knowledege of sport and rules Gain knowledge of strength, conditioning, nutrition and safety INjury recognition/ first aid training

Answer 62

High rates of attrition and negative effects | Estabolish a balance between fitness, physcological well-being, healthy lifestyle and make enjoyable.

Answer 63

Endurance, strength, Power, team, weight category, winter sports

Answer 64

``` Prolonged moderate/high intensity exercise High energy requirement Main concerns Fuel during exercise Firstly amount Secondly type Then fluid requirement during/post Then post exercise recovery Carb Protein ```

Answer 65

Substrate depletion - glycogen/ substrate utilisation Loss of body fluid Hyperthermia - nutrition can even affect this Caffeine can increase temp?! Ice slurries can decrease Beetroot (nitrate) supp, increases core temp (as well as performance)

Answer 66

to quantify the dietary intakes and to find out whether this intake met requirements during the tour de france

Answer 67

Calculated nutritional intake from daily food records EE was estimated from sleeping time and the lower activity period EE during cycling was predicted based on the race, detailed info about length, altitude difference, road paving etc..

Answer 68

PRO:CHO:FAT was 15,62,23% 49% of intake during the race- 94g/hr 30% from CHO-rich liquids High vitamin supplementation Daily water 6.7l up to 11.8l Large quantities of CHO-rich liquid seems to be appropriate to maintain energy and fluid balance under extreme conditions Extreme variation in intake and expenditure

Answer 69

``` Particularly important for events >60mins Peripheral effects Glycogen sparing? Maintainence of blood gluccose Maintainence of CHO oxidation Central effects ? Motivation? ```

Answer 70

To examine the effects of ingesting differing amounts of glucose pre-exercise on the glucose and insulin response during exercise and on time-trial (TT) performance

Answer 71

``` 4 exercise trails separated by 3 days 500ml of drink 45 mins beofr 1) Plac 2) 25g (low_ 3) 75g (med) 4) 200g (high) glucose 20min of submax steady state exercise at 65% of max PO followed by a 691kj TT approx 40minute Blood samples via a catheter every 5 mins ```

Answer 72

Plasma glucose fell rapidly during SS exercise in all glucose trials, steady in placebo No difference in plasma glucose conc between glucose trails at any time Hypoglycaemia seen in some individuals with glucose No difference in performance - carb intake a rebound hypoglycaemia did not affect performance

Answer 73

CHO Content Usually 6-8% Lower conc. can improve performance Higher conc. may delay fluid availability CHO Type Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Maltodextrin Electrolytes Na stimulates CHO and water absorption Maintains extracellular volume Osmolality Influences fluid absorption rate Temperature Ingestion of cool fluids may be beneficial Flavourings Important factor influencing fluid consumption Other ingredients(?) Caffeine, taurine, BCAA et

Answer 74

To investigate the possible role of CHO receptors in the mouth in influencing exercise performance

Answer 75

Crossover endurance cyclists complete two performance trials Once with CHO mouth rinsing regularly - 12.5% Once with placebo rinsing No allowed to swallow

Answer 76

Performance time significantly improved with CHO No difference in HR or RPE Appears to increase central drive or motivation 2.9% decrease

Answer 77

to determine whether altering daily carbohydrate intake during daily training affects metabolic adaptations to endurance exercise and substrate utilization during performance

Answer 78

Two groups - parallel however within each there was a crossover with during exercise feeding 28 days training High carb vs energy matched low carb group 5day test block before and after- 100min of Steady state cycling followed by a time trial repeated twice after 72h Counterbalanced design once with water and once with 10% glucose solution Accumulated ingested glucose oxidation (consumed in exercise with tracer), how much can they use Biopsies before and after each training period Blood samples at regular intervals throughout via a cannuler

Answer 79

High had more max citrate synthase activity Increased oxidation of glucose consumed during submax exercise No effect on performance No increase in GLUT 4 (found at muscle), gut trainability? Suggests increases elswhere i.e. the gut may be responsible

Answer 80

Injury/ retire Vast amount of calories required by those with vast training schedules Need to match energy balance to intake

Answer 81

Promote adequate hydration- a lot of drinks not salty enough (should be 50mmol Na) Optimise health - EE and UTRI Adivce on use of supps Competition eating strategies - avoid GI probs

Answer 82

``` Energy balance Much higher mass and absolute energy requirement Timing and amount of protein How much? 20-25g sufficient for most Source of protein important Foods? Timing Sooner = more feedling opportunities ```

Answer 83

``` Behaviour/ Problem - what and why Who - pop of interest Setting Mediators (mechanisms of change) Strategies for behaviour change (how) Potential barriers/ motivators ```

Answer 84

PAL - physically active learning Continuum Physically active break one end (2-3 minute intejection, break for movement's sake) Another spectrum - active break with an education component. =PAL

Answer 85

Breaks from long bouts of sitting Focus on movement, or movement +content Performed in limited space during natural transition 2-15 minutes in duration

Answer 86

Longer duration Integration of movement into teaching of academic content Across the curriculum

Answer 87

Growing evidence link between PAL an academic achievement | No neg effect..

Answer 88

Postive effects on Pupil's enjoyment Pupil's attention to task - not just novelty

Answer 89

Recommend an active lesson | Schools tasked with 30mins PA at school a day

Answer 90

PA lessons do not Reduce overall daily PA Reduce overall dailey ST Physically active lesson may Increase PA in classroom Decrease ST in classroom Increase attention to tasks (often after) Increase academic achievement in some subjects (only in certain subjects, may be confounded e.g. fitness) (may be least active?) Increase pupil's enjoyment of learning Physically active breaks can lead to increased PA in the classroom

Answer 91

``` Short duration Lack of long follow-up What happens after? Small sample size Few studies based on behavioural theory More chance of success Few use inclinometers Lack of assessment on out of school PA/ST Lack of generalisability from USA + Australia - particularly in schools as different even regionally Lack of implementation data What drive? Why? ```

Answer 92

Lots of models, which do you chose? e.g. theory of palnned behaviour… etc. Need an unbiased coherent way of summarising this The behaviour change wheel Centre = 3 forces that shape behaviour: capability, motivation and opportunity Outside - the techniques available to modify those forces 9 intervention functions and 7 policy categories

Answer 93

A systematic way of identifying relevant intervention functions and policy categories (sit outside) based on what is understood about the target behaviour

Answer 94

Based off the behaviour change wheel | Capability and opportunity affect motivation, all 3 affect behaviour

Answer 95

an individual's psychological and physical capacity to engage in the activity concerned Physical - Any set of physical actions that requires an ability or proficiency learned through practice e.g. motor skill, fitness level Psychological -

Answer 96

Any mental process or skill that is required for the person to perform the behaviour More about skills e.g. knowledge (rule of road in cycling, the improtance of PA, rules of the sport), Self-monitoring

Answer 97

The sum total of internal influences that energise and directs behaviour: a moment-by-moment property which is shaped by different systems of influence: physiological, impulses and inhibitions, motives, beliefs and identity relfection - People's values and beliefs about what is important (good and bad), conscious intentions, decisions and plans Autonomic - Emotional responses, desires and habits resulting from associative learning and physiological stress e.g. make somehing fun/ rewarding

Answer 98

All behaviour change interventions have been categorised in a taxonomy (hundreds) Called: BCT - taxonomy Allows consistency within literture

Answer 99

To quantitatively evaluate the impact of Beat the Street on levels of active travel using objective measures of change in physical activity recorded by accelerometry.

Answer 100

Encourages people to walk and cycle around their local environment. Walk tracking tecnology linked to a reward scheme (books for school, prize draw) Residents get a smartcard which they touch to 'Beat Boxes' -sensors on lampposts. Community wide intervention (study focused on just one school) Restricted to 3 neighbourhoods in Norwich 40 beat boxes One point per sensor allowing competition Target set to go 'around the world

Answer 101

9weeks Pilot non-randomised controled evaluation Children recruited from two schools (one control) 3 measurement periods, baseline, mid-intervention (7 weeks) and post intervention (20 weeks) Wore accelerometer for 7 days, 10second epoch Simple travel diary completed (validated) Evaluated the number of times that each of participant touched a Beat Box with smart card PA measured using CPM and MVPA

Answer 102

Beat the Street did not significantly impact childrens overall PA during school commute times Evidence it had a positive impact on higher intensity PA during commute Higher levels of engement in intervention were associated with additional MVPA during communting times at 20 weeks follow up (21% increase to post intervention on average). This occurred for those children who engaged on the mean number of days compared to children with no engagement. children at the intervention school were less active during the evening compared to the controls post-intervention (compensate) Active travel increased by 10% to post intervention and decreased by 10% in control (not sig) Shows more likely to maintain active travel or switch to active travel Relatively low engagement Dose response, more engagement = sig increase in MVPA

Answer 103

Possible some contamination from intervention school to control school dispite 7.5km distance away Only 2 schools so could not control for school level effects Activities at one/ both may have been atypical in the period of evaluation (no teacher reports of this) Commercial nature meant no control over its delivery Few schools/ children (due to limited time) Disproportionate boys and girls from each school Wet month, may be more effective in dry conditions? 9 weeks may not be long enough Underpowered to detect intervention effect Geographically restricted to 3 neighbourhoods Accelerometer may fail to detect changes in cycling behaviour Got motivation and opportunity but not knowledge and skills (capacity)

Answer 104

1) Whole-of-school programme Whole school Work best if a number of structures or components e.g. parents Recess playground with extra curricular with component with parents 2) Transport policies and systems that prioritise walking, cycling and public transport E.g. Exclusion zones around schools 3) Urban design regulations and infrastructure that provide for equitable and safe access to recreational PA, and recreational and transport-related walking and cycling across the lifespan 4) PA and NCD prevention integrated into primary health care systems 5) Public education, including mass media, to raise awareness and change social norms on PA 6) Community wide programs involvin multile settings and sectors and that mobilize and integrate community engagement and resources Sport systems and programmes that promote 'sport for all' and encourage participation across the lifespan

Answer 105

Determine whether a Behaviour and environmental intervention in 8-9yr , 18 month period results in higher PA and lower SB Determine Idependnent and combined effects of PA and SB on children's cardiometabolic health Discover factors which mediate change Determine if the intervention is cost-effectiveness

Answer 106

``` The programme: Over 200 students, 20 schools, Melbourne (Theoretical basis on the social cognitive theory, identified constructsand targetted them to change) 3 arms/ groups - each with school and family setting components Sb-I 18 key learning message Goal setting etc Daily Standing lessons Easels and desks Active breaks after 30min class time Novely timer Family stuff e.g. Reduce sitting time doing home work PA-I 18 learning messages Provision of sporting equipement, line markings, signage Provision of pedometers Family stuff e.g. Homework with PA SA+PA+I All ```

Answer 107

``` Accellerometers and inclinometers Questionnaire for parents e.g. mediators, self-efficacy and access to school Activity diary Cost Classroom resources cheap Upskilling teachers very expensive Why How to manage children walking around Lesson plans Overall Estimate of time burden Time to preoare Parents Spending extra time on homework Cost to schools and research team Implications for wider research ```

Answer 108

13.3 min less SED for combined groups SB had higher enjoyment of standing PA+SB and PA groups more positive perceptions of standing opportunities No mediating effects were observed Don’t really know why Self-reported mediators measurement quality? Failure to capture the relevant mechanisms that explain the association between I and PA/SB Time lag between change in mediators and change in behaviour

Answer 109

Increased PA by 33 minutes per week Reduced sitting time by 196minutes per week $30.08 per child per year.

Answer 110

``` Lots of agencies, lots of sectors coming together (For developers, planners, government agencies, policy makers) Evidence based strategies Active desing guidelines Look good Improve health Promote safety ```

Answer 111

``` Active transport Active recreation Active buildings Healthy eating Lots of others…. E.g. Transit and parking, open spaces,children's play areas, street connectivity, ```

Answer 112

Of >500 proffessionals - surveys Cross sectional not pre and post but collected before and after (not neccessarily the same) Baseline audits of 32 NYC Dept of Construction building projects Case studies of 4 DoC projects

Answer 113

Architect survey pre and post ADG release as a web survey Assessed potential change in 4 domains Confidence to implemetn Knowledge of evidence linking environemt and health Implemetation of ADG strategies Perceptions of clinents' attitudes towards active designs 20% response rate Male and white Fairly old and long time in game

Answer 114

Small increase in knowledge Small increase in confidence 9% increase in self-report practice Only a minority aquire knowledge from research journals Most interested un energy efficiency and universal accessibility thereofre addressing these issues is likely helpful

Answer 115

Low Respnse rate 20% Anonymous surveys, therefore samples were 2 cross sectional samples rather than longitudinal Short time frame between release of ADGs and post survey - may not have been enough time to show more or larger impacts (5months post)

Answer 116

``` Questinonnaire Intervetion for healthy child 22-59 months Gives self administer screening tool FLAIR Fx Playing outside Television Nutrition Physician Assess readiness to change Agree behavioural change goals ```

Answer 117

Parents expressed a desire to change behaviours to achieve healthier families Believed that doctors should increase their focus on healthy habits during visits Parents were more accepting of nutrition discussions than increasing activity (lack of safe outdoor space) or decreasing SB (benefits of TV) Parents expressed fustration with physicicans for offering advice about changing behaviour but not how to achieve it

Answer 118

Application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, exection and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary behaviour of target audiences in order to improve their personal welfare Benefots Translating complex educational messages and behaviour change techniques into concepts and products Seen by many - 3000 a day Requires Change the product to meet consumer preferences Public health professionals must change their recommendations to receieve maximal benefit Application of commercial marketing principles Palatable Hard for marketing companies and scientists to distill ideas

Answer 119

Advertising Sponsership of The Simpsons Direct and relationship marketing Digital communications e.g. Website and emails Public relations Partnership marketing Communications aimed at stakeholders e.g. Health adn teachers

Answer 120

The document did not mention Food, nutrition, PA enough SB/ TV viewing not mentioned Target setting reached 8 change for life goals Based on reach, awareness, response, sign ups, sistained interest Commercial evidence of families changing habits, adopting all '8' behaviours Sales data suggests positive impact on types of food families are purchasing

Answer 121

Parents from 20 primary schools randomly assigned to control or IV Mailed C4L materials to IV, retured feedback Thousands of families

Answer 122

No impact on TV hours, rating of PA importance Conc Increased awareness Little impact on attitudes or behaviour Low engagement a key issue Simplification of complex scientific methods No mention of obesity

Answer 123

Whole-of-school programsCan provide PA for large majority of children Allow development of knowledge, skills and habits for life-long healthy and active living Prioritise high quality PE, provision of suitable environment, resources to support PA throughout the day, support active transport, supportive school policy and engaging staff

Answer 124

2) Transport policies and systems that prioritise walking, cycling and public transport. Also lead to reduced congestion, less CO2 Requires development, policies influencing land use and acess to safe travel routes and promotional programs

Answer 125

3) Urban design regulation and infra-structure providing equitable and safe access for recreational PA and recreational and transport-related walking and cycling across the life course Multiple types of PA possible to affect opportunities National, regional and local urban planning Mixed-use zoning, placing shops, services and jobs near homes Highly connected street, footpath and bikeway networks Public open space with recreation facilities

Answer 126

4) PA and NCD prevention integrated into primary health care system HCPs influence patiet behaviour PA included in NCD risk factor screening, patient education and referral Integrated into NCD management Focus on practical brief advice links to communicaty-based supports for behaviour change Addition training for this

Answer 127

Mass media efficiently transmit consistent and clear messages about PA to large pops Multiple forms, paid and non paid e.g. public relations, social media, internet Combination with community-based events and community engagement to change community values.

Answer 128

6) Community-wide programs involving multiple setting and sectors and that mobilize and integrate community engagement and resources Across the life course Using key settings e.g. local governments, schools and workplaces allowing integrated policies, programs and public education

Answer 129

7) Sports systems and programs that promote 'sport for all' and encourage participation across the lifespan Community/ sport for all policy and programs Universal appeal of sport Adapatation to interests to all groups, well-coordinated coaching and trianing opportunities Enjoyment needs to be priority Involve partnerships between international, national and regional sporting organizations along with community-based clubs and other sports providers Sports stars as role models Sport and fitness industries could provide communication medium Organisations reduce social and financial barriers and increase motivation for all.

PA children 7-12 Flashcards

(153 cards)