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Human Biology - Unit 1 (Year 1) > Pack 10 – Diagnostic Techniques and Haematology > Flashcards

Pack 10 – Diagnostic Techniques and Haematology Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 vital signs?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Heart rate
  3. Breathing rate
  4. Blood pressure
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2
Q

What is a normal temperature range

A

36.5-37.2

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3
Q

Temperature units:

A

Degree celcius

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4
Q

Equipment/method for manual measurement of temperature:

A

Manual thermometer

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5
Q

Equipment for automated measurement of temperature:

A

Digital thermometer

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6
Q

Normal heart rate range:

A

60-100

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7
Q

Heart rate units:

A

BPM

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8
Q

Equipment/method for manual measurement of heart rate:

A

Count heart beats using a stethoscope

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9
Q

Equipment for automated measurement of heart rate:

A

Heart rate monitor

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10
Q

Respiratory rate normal range

A

12-16

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11
Q

Respiratory rate units

A

Breaths per minute

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12
Q

Equipment/method for manual measurement of respiratory rate

A

Count breaths in one minute using a stop clock

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13
Q

Equipment for automated measurement of respiratory rate:

A

Breathing rate monitor

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14
Q

Blood pressure normal range:

A
  • Systolic: 90-120
  • Diastolic: 60-80
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15
Q

Blood pressure units:

A

mmHg

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16
Q

Equipment/method for manual measurement of blood pressure:

A

Aneroid monitor and stethoscope- cuff is inflated by hand by squeezing a bulb and heart rate is counted using a stethoscope

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17
Q

Equipment for automated measurement of blood pressure:

A

Digital Sphygmomanometer

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18
Q

Blood oxygen saturation

A

Blood oxygen saturation is how much oxygen is in your blood

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19
Q

Blood oxygen saturation units:

A

% out of 100

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20
Q

Equipment needed to measure blood oxygen saturation:

A

An oximeter

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21
Q

Method for measuring blood oxygen saturation:

A
  • Clip the oximeter to your finger or ear lobe.
  • Record the digital reading from the screen.
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22
Q

How to measure blood oxygen saturation?

A

Light shines through your fingertip or earlobe and measures how red your blood is through measuring the light absorbed

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23
Q

Healthy range of blood oxygen saturation

24
Q

Tissue perfusion

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A

The volume of blood that flows through a unit quantity of the tissue

25
Why do doctors measure tissue perfusion?
- Help doctors assess whether there is effective gas exchange between capillaries and tissues. - Effective gas exchange requires effective blood flow, which allows the delivery of sufficient O2 and glucose to cells for respiration
26
Tissue perfusion units:
Ml blood
27
Observing tissue perfusion:
- Evaluate skin colour - Temperature of the skin - Condition of the area
28
Method for measuring tissue perfusion:
MRI or CT scan
29
Tissue perfusion healthy time:
3 seconds or less
30
What does an ECG do?
- Used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. - Sensors (electrodes) are attached to the skin and connected to the ECG machine - The heart’s rhythm is recorded on a moving strip of paper or line on a screen
31
Tachycardia
Heart beats too fast (over 100bpm)
32
Bradycardia
Heart beats too slowly (less than 60bpm)
33
Irregular heartbeat
Distance between all R intervals is not the same
34
Atrial fibrillation
Chaotic pumping of atria
35
Ventricular fibrillation
The heart ‘quivers’ rather than contracting properly
36
How to calculate heart rate from an ECG trace:
- Each small square represents 0.04 seconds - Each large square (5 small squares) represents 0.2 seconds - 5 large squares represents 1 second - 300 large squares pass through the ECG machine in one minute
37
What are reflex tests used for?
To assess the level of damage to the nervous system
38
Reflex test method:
A reflex hammer is tapped against the tendon in the part of the body being testedand the doctor looks for involuntary movement
39
Interpretation and diagnosis of a reflex test:
- Lack of involuntary movement may be a sign of nerve damage - The extent, or power of the reflex is graded on a scale: - 1-4+ = normal - 0 or above 4+ = abnormal and further tests are needed for diagnosis
40
Nerve conduction velocity tests use:
To assess the effectiveness (speed) of electrical conduction of impulses travelling along your nerves
41
Nerve conduction velocity tests method:
- Two electrodes are placed a set distance apart on the skin over your nerve - The first electrode stimulates your nerve with a very mild electrical impulse - The resulting electrical activity is detected and recorded by the second electrode. - The time taken for the impulse to travel from one electrode to the other is measured
42
Interpretation and diagnosis of nerve conduction velocity tests:
- Normal speed of nerve impulses in the human body = around 100m per second - If the impulses travel slower or more erratically, the nerve may be trapped, damaged or diseased
43
What is a complete blood count test used to evaluate?
Your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anaemia, infection and leukaemia
44
What is used to test for inflammation?
Measurement of c-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood
45
What is CRP
Produced in the liver and released into the blood stream and its levels rise during inflammation
46
Method for the CRP test:
- A blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm - The levels of CRP in the blood are measured
47
Interpretation of the CRP test:
- CRP below 10mg/L means you do not have clinical inflammation - CRP higher than 10mg/L suggests inflammation due to infection or a disorder
48
Why do you need to know your blood type?
- Donate blood - Receive blood transfusions - Give birth
49
What do you need to know about a persons blood type?
- A person cannot have B antigens and anti-B antibodies, or they will react, their blood will clot and they will die, this applies to all blood groups
50
Method for the blood typing test:
- A blood sample is taken either from a vein in the arm or a small sample can be taken as a finger prick. - Different antibodies are added to separate blood samples - If antibodies bind to antigens we see clumping
51
How does the blood typing test work?
- They are tested for with antibodies (proteins that bind to their matching antigens - When they bind together we see clumping
52
Autoantibodies
Antibodies, made by B cells in the blood, which recognise and bind to parts of our own body, rather than antigens on pathogens
53
What can autoantibodies result in?
- The immune system attacking our own body, resulting in inflammation and damage, which can cause an autoimmune disease - They may help a doctor diagnose an autoimmune disease
54
The coombs test:
Checks your blood for autoantibodies that attack red blood cells
55
The coombs test method:
- Blood sample taken from a vein - Add anti-human antibodies - Clumping indicates autoantibodies are present – so the person has an autoimmune disease
56

Human Biology - Unit 1 (Year 1) (16 decks)

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