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1
Q

What are the four concentric layers from the upper esophagus to the lower rectum?

A

The four concentric layers are:
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis (Externa/Propria)
4. Adventitia/Serosa

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2
Q

What components make up the mucosa layer?

A

The mucosa layer consists of:
- Lining epithelium
- Underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
- Smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)

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3
Q

What type of tissue is found in the submucosa layer?

A

The submucosa consists of dense irregular connective tissue.

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4
Q

Describe the layers of the muscularis externa (propria).

A

The muscularis externa (propria) has two layers of smooth muscle:
- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer

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5
Q

What is the difference between adventitia and serosa?

A
  • Adventitia: Connective tissue that directly attaches the wall of the tube to adjoining structures.
  • Serosa: A membrane made of mesothelium with a small amount of underlying connective tissue.
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6
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and it is thicker than usual

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7
Q

What does the lamina propria of the esophagus contain?

A

The lamina propria contains:
- Loose fibroelastic connective tissue
- Diffuse lymphatic tissue
- Blood vessels
- Nerves

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8
Q

What is the composition and function of the muscularis mucosae in the esophagus?

A
  • Composition: Longitudinally organized smooth muscle, thick in the proximal portion of the esophagus.
  • Function: Assists with swallowing and demarcates the mucosa from the submucosa.
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9
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

The submucosa of the esophagus contains dense irregular connective tissue.

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10
Q

What structures are found in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

The submucosa contains:
- Larger blood vessels
- Lymphatic vessels
- Nerve fibers
- Ganglion cells

These make up The submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

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11
Q

What lymphatic components are present in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

The submucosa contains diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules.

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12
Q

What type of glands are the esophageal glands proper?

A

The esophageal glands proper are compound, tubuloalveolar glands.

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13
Q

Where are esophageal glands proper concentrated?

A

They are more concentrated in the upper and lower regions of the esophagus.

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the excretory ducts of esophageal glands proper?

A

The excretory ducts are lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium.

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15
Q

What is the function of the esophageal glands proper?

A

They secrete slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the wall of the esophagus and protect it from stomach acid (e.g., GERD).

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16
Q

How are the esophageal glands proper classified in relation to other glands?

A

They are considered part of the salivary glands of the oropharynx.

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17
Q

What are the two layers of the esophageal muscularis externa?

A

The esophageal muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

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18
Q

What type of muscle is found in the upper, middle, and lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A
  • Upper 1/3: Striated muscle
  • Middle 1/3: Mixed striated and smooth muscle
  • Lower 1/3: Smooth muscle
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19
Q

What is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus), and where is it located?

A

The myenteric plexus is a network of nerves and ganglion cells located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa.

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20
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus in the esophagus?

A

The myenteric plexus innervates the muscularis externa and produces peristaltic activity to propel food through the esophagus.

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21
Q

What type of nerve are the muscles of the upper 1/3 of the esophagus innervated by?

A

innervated by somatic motor neurons of the vagus nerve

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22
Q

What type of nerve are the muscles of the lower 1/3 of the esophagus innervated by?

A

innervated by visceral motor neurons of the vagus nerve.

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23
Q

Q: What covers the outer layer of the esophagus except for its lower end?

A

A: The outer layer of the esophagus is covered by adventitia, except for the lower end, which is covered by serosa.

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24
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the stomach?

A

The mucosa of the stomach is lined with simple columnar epithelium.

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25
What are the folds in the stomach mucosa called, and what is their purpose?
The folds in the stomach mucosa are called rugae, and they allow the stomach to expand when filled.
26
How do gastric glands open into the stomach lumen?
Gastric glands extend from the muscularis mucosae and open into the stomach lumen via gastric pits or foveolae.
27
How is the muscularis layer of the stomach unique?
The muscularis layer of the stomach has three layers: an inner circular layer, an outer longitudinal layer, and an additional inner oblique layer.
28
What type of tissue forms the serosa of the stomach?
The serosa of the stomach is composed of connective tissue covered by a mesothelial layer.
29
In what region of the stomach are the gastric/fundic glands found?
Fundic glands are found throughout the entire gastric mucosa, except in the region occupied by pyloric glands and cardiac glands.
30
What is the structure of fundic glands?
Fundic glands are simple, branched, tubular glands that are tightly packed and extend from the bottom of the gastric pits to the muscularis mucosae.
31
What is the significance of the isthmus of the fundic gland?
The isthmus of the fundic gland is the site where stem cells are located.
32
What are the 5 types of cells in the gastric glands?
Mucous cells Chief cells Parietal cells Gastroenteroendocrine Stem cells My Cat Plays Games Silently
33
How many major cell types are housed in the gastric glands proper?
The gastric glands proper house five major cell types.
34
What are the types of mucous cells in the gastric glands proper?
The mucous cells include surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells.
35
What are chief cells in the gastric glands proper also called?
Chief cells are also called peptic cells.
36
What are parietal cells in the gastric glands proper also called?
Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells.
37
What is another name for gastroenteroendocrine cells in the gastric glands proper?
Gastroenteroendocrine cells are also called enterochromaffin cells.
38
What type of cells in the gastric glands proper are responsible for regeneration?
Stem cells are responsible for regeneration in the gastric glands proper.
39
Where are surface mucous cells located in the stomach?
Surface mucous cells line the surface and the gastric pits of the stomach.
40
What is the lifespan of surface mucous cells in the stomach?
The lifespan of surface mucous cells is 3 to 5 days.
41
What is the structure of surface mucous cells in the stomach?
Surface mucous cells are simple columnar cells with an apical mucus cup.
42
What are the key components of the mucus secreted by surface mucous cells?
The mucus secreted by surface mucous cells is high in bicarbonate and potassium.
43
How does the mucus secreted by surface mucous cells protect the stomach?
The mucus forms an insoluble gel that attaches to the surface of the gastric mucosa, protecting the epithelium from stomach acid.
44
How do prostaglandins (PGE2) influence surface mucous cells?
Prostaglandins (PGE2) stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate and increase the thickness of the mucus.
45
How are the neck mucos glands organized and where are they found?
Neck mucous cells are mainly clustered but also occur singly among other cells in the necks of gastric glands.
46
How do neck mucous cells differ in structure from surface mucous cells?
Neck mucous cells are less columnar than the surface mucous cells lining the gastric pits.
47
How does the mucus secretion of neck mucous cells compare to that of surface mucous cells?
The mucus secretion of neck mucous cells is less alkaline and more soluble than that of surface mucous cells.
48
Where are parietal cells located in the stomach?
Parietal cells predominate near the neck and in the upper segment of the gastric gland.
49
What is a key characteristic of parietal cells' structure?
Parietal cells are large, sometimes binucleate, and appear somewhat triangular in section.
50
What is the role of mitochondria in parietal cells?
Mitochondria in parietal cells provide the ATP necessary to pump H+ ions into the lumen of the secretory canaliculus.
51
What kind of system is present in parietal cells to help with acid secretion?
Parietal cells have a secretory or intracellular canaliculus and an H+,K+-dependent ATPase-rich tubulovesicular system.
52
What is the lifespan of parietal cells?
The lifespan of parietal cells is 150 to 200 days.
53
What is the pH range of hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by parietal cells?
The pH range of hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells is 1.0 to 2.0.
54
What is the primary function of HCl that is secreted by parital cells in the stomach?
HCl initiates the digestion of dietary protein and converts pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin.
55
How does HCl serve as a bacteriostatic agent?
HCl is bacteriostatic, but some bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, can adapt to the low pH by producing urease, which creates a protective basic ammonia cloud around the bacterium.
56
What is intrinsic factor and its role in the body?
Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells that binds to vitamin B12, facilitating its absorption in the distal ileum.
57
What is the consequence of intrinsic factor deficiency?
A deficiency in intrinsic factor leads to pernicious anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
58
Where are chief cells predominantly located in the gastric glands?
Chief cells predominantly reside in the lower third of the gastric gland, and are seldom found in the pyloric antrum.
59
What do chief cells secrete?
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
60
What gives the basal cytoplasm of chief cells a basophilic appearance?
The abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in the basal cytoplasm gives chief cells a basophilic appearance.
61
What are zymogen granules and where are they found in chief cells?
Zymogen granules are located in the apical region of chief cells and contain pepsinogen.
62
What is the lifespan of chief cells?
The lifespan of chief cells is 60 to 90 days.
63
Where are enteroendocrine cells located in the stomach?
Enteroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the gastric mucosa.
64
What type of functions do enteroendocrine cells have?
Enteroendocrine cells have endocrine or paracrine functions.
65
What substances do enteroendocrine cells secrete?
Enteroendocrine cells secrete various peptides such as serotonin and gastrin.
66
What is the lifespan of enteroendocrine cells?
The lifespan of enteroendocrine cells is 60 to 90 days.
67
What are the general functions of peptide hormones released by enteroendocrine cells?
The functions include: 1. Regulation of water, electrolyte metabolism, and enzyme secretion. 2. Regulation of gastrointestinal motility and mucosal growth. 3. Stimulation of the release of other peptide hormones.
68
What are the two types of enteroendocrine cells?
Two types of enteroendocrine cells Closed cells: rest on the basal lamina and do not always reach the lumen Open cells: have a thin cytoplasmic extension bearing microvilli that are exposed to the gland lumen. Serve as chemoreceptors
69
Where are stem cells located in the stomach?
Stem cells are located at the isthmus of the gastric glands.
70
What is the role of stem cells in the stomach?
Stem cells produce progenitor cells for all other epithelial cells in the stomach.
71
How do stem cells contribute to epithelial cell renewal in the stomach?
Some stem cells move upward to replace surface mucous cells, while others move deeper to differentiate into secretory cells of the glands.
72
What is the turnover time of surface mucous cells in the stomach?
The turnover time for surface mucous cells is 4 to 7 days.
73
How does the turnover time of secretory cells in the stomach compare to surface mucous cells?
Secretory cells of the glands have a much slower turnover time than surface mucous cells.
74
What is the difference between pyloric and gastric/fundic glands?
**Pyloric:** Larger gastric pits More lumen and are highly branched Have mucous secreting cells that secrete lysozyme
75
What can be found in the lamina propria of the pyloric glands?
Reticular fibers Cells of the immune system
76
What type of muscles does the muscularis mucosae of the pyloric glands contain?
Contain longitudnal and transverse
77
What is the serosa of the pyloric spintcher continous with?
Serosa: It is continuous with the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal cavity via the greater omentum and with visceral peritoneum of the liver at the lesser omentum.

A7 GIT (1 decks)

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