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Question 1

What type of gland is the breast?

Answer 1

Modified sweat gland, because it has a pore on skin (nipple=pore)

Compound tubulo-alveolar gland

Question 2

On which muscle is the breast located?

Answer 2

The breast is situated on the pectoralis major muscle.

Question 3

Between which costal levels is the breast located?

Answer 3

Between the 2nd and 6th costal levels.

Question 4

What is the medial border of the breast?

Answer 4

The medial border of the breast is the sternum.

Question 5

What is the lateral border of the breast?

Answer 5

The lateral border of the breast is the mid-axillary line.

Question 6

What maintains the shape of the breast?

Answer 6

Cooper’s ligaments.

Question 7

Where do Cooper’s ligaments originate and where do they insert?

Answer 7

They originate from the superficial fascia of the pectoralis major muscle and insert into the skin’s dermis.

Question 8

On which muscle does the breast base rest?

Answer 8

Pectoralis major muscle.

Question 9

What does the apex of the breast refer to?

Answer 9

The Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC).

Question 10

What is the areola?

Answer 10

The circular pigmented skin surrounding the nipple.

Question 11

What unique histological feature is present in the nipple region?

Answer 11

Long and deep dermal papillae.

Question 12

What type of epithelium is found in the nipple and areola?

Answer 12

Highly pigmented, stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized.

Question 13

What is located under the nipple?

Answer 13

Bundles of smooth muscle fibers.

Question 14

What structures lead up to the nipple?

Answer 14

1 15-20 lobes
↓
2 Intralobular/Extralobular collecting ducts
↓
3 15-20 lactiferous ducts
↓
4 15-20 lactiferous sinuses
↓
5 15-20 pores
↓
1 Nipple

Question 15

What are the histological components of the nipple areola complex?

Answer 15

Highly pigmented, stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized

Large Sebaceous glands produce oily sebum
Minimizes cracking of nipple skin during nursing baby

Smooth muscle → Erection of nipple
Baby can grab on during breast feeding

Stroma / Collagen

Question 16

What type of gland are parenchyma cells in the mammary gland?

Answer 16

Modified tubulo-alveolar sweat glands.

Question 17

Where do parenchyma cells originate from?

Answer 17

Epidermis (outer layer of skin).

Question 18

In which layers can parenchyma cells be found?

Answer 18

Subcutaneous or hypodermis.

Question 19

What are the primary functions of parenchyma cells?

Answer 19

Milk secretion and milk ejection.

Question 20

What are the three types of cells associated with the mammary gland?

Answer 20

Glandular/lobular/acinar epithelial cells, Ductal/duct epithelial cells, Myoepithelial cells.

Question 21

What type of epithelium do glandular/lobular/acinic epithelial cells have?

Answer 21

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

Question 22

What do ductal/duct epithelial cells do?

Answer 22

They line the ducts that transport milk, with variable epithelium.

Question 23

What is the role of myoepithelial cells?

Answer 23

They contract and eject milk, controlled by oxytocin.

Question 24

What are the two main types of secretion in the mammary gland?

Answer 24

Apocrine and merocrine secretion.

Question 25

How does apocrine secretion work?

Answer 25

The apex of epithelial cells jumps off to release substances.

Question 26

What is the primary function of apocrine secretion in milk?

Answer 26

Lipid secretion.

Question 27

How does merocrine secretion occur?

Answer 27

Through exocytosis, where substances are packaged in vesicles and transported out of the cell.

Question 28

What is the primary function of merocrine secretion in milk?

Answer 28

Protein synthesis, including antibodies.

Question 29

What type of connective tissue are the lobes buried in?

Answer 29

Dense connective tissue + adipose tissue.

Question 30

What is the Terminal Duct Lobular Unit (TDLU)?

Answer 30

It consists of lobules buried in intralobular stroma, which includes loose connective tissue + adipose tissue.

Question 31

What type of epithelial cells line the ducts of the mammary gland?

Answer 31

Ductal epithelial cells.

Question 32

In what kind of connective tissue are the ducts buried?

Answer 32

Dense connective tissue + adipose tissue.

Question 33

What structures lead up to the nipple?

Answer 33

1 15-20 lobes which contain TDLU ↓ 2 Intralobular/Extralobular collecting ducts ↓ 3 15-20 lactiferous ducts ↓ 4 15-20 lactiferous sinuses ↓ 5 15-20 pores ↓ 1 Nipple

Question 34

What do TDLUs consist of and what type of epithelium do they have?

Answer 34

About 100 acini and ductules, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and myoepithelial cells.

Question 35

What type of epithelium is found in the intralobular and extralobular collecting ducts?

Answer 35

Simple cuboidal epithelium and myoepithelial cells.

Question 36

What type of epithelium lines the lactiferous ducts?

Answer 36

About 15-20 lactiferous ducts lined with simple columnar epithelium and myoepithelial cells.

Question 37

What are lactiferous sinuses and what is their epithelium?

Answer 37

They are holding tanks for milk with two layers of cuboidal cells.

Question 38

What type of epithelium is found at the pores?

Answer 38

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

Question 39

What is the epithelial structure of the nipple?

Answer 39

Stratified squamous epithelium with thick keratin.

Question 40

What strucutres are missing in an inactive breast?

Answer 40

**Acini are missing:** ONLY terminal ductules exist surrounded by intralobular stroma

Question 41

What is the difference between the two pictures?

Answer 41

Question 42

What is the difference in the epithelium between **Resting** and **Active** Mammary Glands?

Answer 42

**Resting Mammary Gland:** Bigger ducts lined with **simple columnar epithelium**; myoepithelial cells and lymphocytes present. **Active Mammary Gland:** Secretory alveolar cells composed of **simple cuboidal epithelium**, with myoepithelial cells and plasma cells clearly visible, indicating immune function.

Question 43

What is A and B?

Answer 43

A: Inactive breast B: Active breast

Question 44

What is this a picture of?

Answer 44

Zoom-zoom into one Acinus with milk: simple cuboidal epithelium Active breast

Question 45

What is the arterial supply of the breast?

Answer 45

Subclavian artery → Internal thoracic artery & perforating branches Axillary artery → Lateral thoracic artery & lateral branches Thoracic aorta → Posterior intercostal arteries (2nd, 3rd, 4th intercostal space)

Question 46

What is the venous drainage of the breast?

Answer 46

All drains into Axillary vein Drain mainly to lateral thoracic v. Some to: Internal thoracic v. Posterior intercostal vv.

Question 47

Where do Lateral (outer) quadrants drain lymph into and where are those nodes located?

Answer 47

axillary lymph nodes These nodes are located posterior to the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle

Question 48

Where do **Medial (inner) quadrants ** drain lymph into and where are those nodes located?

Answer 48

**parasternal lymph nodes** **located** along the internal thoracic artery.

Question 49

Where do **Inferior (lower) quadrants** drain lymph into and where are those nodes located?

Answer 49

abdominal lymph nodes

Question 50

What can male breast cancer cause to the right arm?

Answer 50

**Adema** Bc: Tumor or lump in right breast ↓ Cancer cells enter lymphatic capillaries ↓ Cancer cells enter/ grow in axillary lymph nodes ↓ Flow of lymph is blocked in right lymphatic duct ↓ Edema in right arm

Question 51

What is the nerve supply of the breast?

Answer 51

4th-6th intercostal nerves Supraclavicular nerves

Question 52

What is the difference between **Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS)**, **Invasive Ductal Carcinoma**, and **Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)**?

Answer 52